How are footings described and introduced properly?

The selection of different types of footings and the need for reinforcing the same are discussed in this unit. Methods of designing plain concrete wall footings are described together with detailed structural design of reinforced concrete wall, square and rectangular footings. Proportioning of plan dimensions of rectangular, trapezoidal and strap footings and eccentrically loaded footings are described with examples. Procedure of structural design of combined footings and rafts have also been indicated.

Indian Standards 456 (1978) describes the Limit State Design of reinforced concrete. Practicing engineers adopt this method of design and it has become necessary for educational institutions to switch over to teaching the Limit State Design. Hence Limit State Design is adopted in this unit.