Why do conditions that cause retention of sodium

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The literature review was conducted utilising several databases, selected because of their relevance to the subject under review and including CINAHL and MEDLINE as well as a hand search of relevant journals and documents. The search terms included: nurses in education, portfolios and assessment and competence. Articles were included in the review if they focused on portfolios as a method of assessment in nurse education and if they were published after 1993 when portfolios first appeared in the nursing liter

Question 1. 1. Why do conditions that cause retention of sodium, such as cardiac failure, result in low serum sodium?

2. What is meant by 'free water'?

Question 2. Why is there a difference in the pattern of oedema in nephrotic syndrome and cardiac oedema? How is it related to the interstitial spaces and all that? I am confused.

Question 3. Why is there a difference in the clinical presentation of oedema due to renal failure and oedema due to cardiac failure, and how is this related to the loose nature of the interstitial tissue in the periorbital area? The answer given was that it is because, in cardiac failure, there is orthopnoea and the most dependent portion in this case is the legs, which is why the oedema occurs there.

Question 4. What treatment is recommended for recurrent attacks of generalized swelling, with angio-oedema, in a middle-aged female patient?

Question 5. Is an osmotic diuresis, due to hyperglycaemia for instance, a cause of both hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia. Please explain how this can be the case.

Question 6. What is the mechanism of β2-agonists (albuterol) in correcting hyperkalaemia in emergency? How does it cause a shift of potassium?

Question 7. Why do we give sodium lactate along with sodium bicarbonate in acidotic patients? How does sodium lactate then act?

Question 8. How does hypochloraemia alone cause a metabolic alkalosis?

Question 9. I have read the part concerning acid-base imbalances and I would like to ask about two things:

Question 10. What is the exact formula for calculating the serum anion gap?

Reference no: EM133857236

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