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ORIGIN AND ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS
The synthesis of elements needs nuclear reactions, of which the most important type is the fusion of two light nuclei to prepare one of higher mass and charge. The attractive strong interaction, which holds neutrons and protons together, operates only over very short distances (around 10-15 m) and is opposed at longer size by the electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons. To get two nuclei close enough together for fusion needs enormously high energies, which are usually found only at high temperatures (above 107 K) in the interior of stars. Under such conditions the chemical properties of components are irrelevant, as no compounds may exist, atoms being in highly ionized states stripped of their electrons.
Gases thrown out by a supernova cool, and can subsequently be incorporated into new stars. The formation of planetary systems can be common in the Universe. Studies suggest that other planets and the Earth formed about the same time as the Sun. While the Sun formed at the center, chemical reactions in the cooler outer parts of the gas concentration produced solid particles, which collected under gravitational forces, first into small bodies known as planetesimals, and subsequently into the planets. In the outer parts of the Solar System temperatures were low enough to form 'ices' of water, carbon dioxide, solid methane and ammonia, which are constituents of the giant planets Saturn and Jupiter.
20ml of water sample requires 15ml of 0.1mg/l sodium carbonate using phenolphthalein indicator. state the type of acidity and calculate the acidity
Explain the Effects of Temperature on multicomponent systems? For some of the derivations in this chapter, we will need an expression for the rate at which the ratio μ i /T var
applications of photochemistry
What is the excitation power that has been used? The absorption cross section is a significant parameter for the calculation of the expected fluorescence signal from a single m
what are the periodicity of periodic properties in d and f block elements?
Q. What is Spontaneous reactions? Ans. Spontaneous reactions can occur under specific conditions without any assistance. Most of the reactions you know are spontaneous r
Question: Steam initially in a vapor/liquid mixture with 80 percent liquid at 250C, expands isothermally and reversibly to a final state at 20 bar. Using the steam tables: a
Q. Explain heat according to kinetic theory of matter? Ans. On an atomic level the definitions of heat and temperature becomes more precise. According to the kinetic theory of
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