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Figurative Constants:
The Figurative constants have several fixed names and the compiler recognizes these names and it sets up the equivalent values in the object program.
Consider the statement as shown below:
MOVE ZERO TO COUNTER
Here value 0 will be moved to the COUNTER by the compiler, as it recognizes ZERO and sets the COUNTER with 0. The list of figurative constants is shown below:
Figurative Constant Meaning
ZERO
ZEROS value 0
ZEROES
SPACE
SPACES One or additional blanks
HIGH-VALUE
HIGH-VALUES The Highest value in the Collating sequence
LOW-VALUE
LOW-VALUES Lowest value in the Collating sequence
QUOTE
QUOTES one or more of "
ALL literal one or more of string characters comprising the literal
OPEN STATEMENT: Whenever a READ or a WRITE operation is executed on a file, then it should be open. The opening of a file may be completed with the help of the OPEN verb. With
77 level used for- It is Elementary level item. it Cannot be subdivisions of other items or cannot be qualified, or they can be subdivided themselves.
ADD and SUBTRACT CORRESPONDING: The CORRESPONDING option can also used with the ADD and SUBTRACT verbs. The following are some of the formats of these verbs with the CORRESPON
Data types available in COBOL are given below Alpha-numeric (X), numeric (9), alphabetic (A)
Program for Sequential File Creation & Rewriting We have to write a program to create a Length file with just two fields: l (Length) and l-c (Length-Code). Add a few records.
FILE-CONTROL: The FILE-CONTROL paragraph names each and every file and identifies the first medium through file control entries. The basic format of a file control entry is gi
Example of condition names: The illustration below is of the use of the condition names 77 MARITAL-STATUS PIC 9 88 SINGLE VALUE IS ZERO 88 MA
PERFORM WITH UNTIL OPTION: The format is as shown below: Illustration: A) Perform p-3 until i > 5. Here p-3 will be executed whenever i B) Perform p-2 thru
WRITE STATEMENT: The records are written to be logical place as determined from the value of the record key. The INVALID KEY condition occurs in the cases shown below: (i)
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION: This section holds information regarding the files to be used in the program. There are 2 paragraphs in this section- FILE-CONTROL & I-O-CONTROL. The
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