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Define Hardness - Chemical Characteristics of Water
Caused by any polyvalent cations (mainly Calcium and Magnesium). Expressed as mg/l as CaCO3. Causes precipitates with soap (forms scum) and reduces the effectiveness of soap.
Carbonate hardness (also known as temporary hardness) is the hardness associated with bicarbonate and carbonate ions (alkalinity) and the remaining hardness is termed non carbonate hardness (permanent hardness) and typically is associated with sulfate and chloride. Carbonate hardness can be removed by heating water.
Hardness is removed by lime-soda softening process or ion exchange process (discussed later). Hardness is measured by titrating with EDTA (standard is chosen so that 1 ml titrant gives 1 mg/l as CaCO3 hardness)
Explain the Equation for a Suppressed Rectangular Weir If the approach velocity is negligible, velocity head can be excluded and the equation becomes the Francis weir equation
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why void ratio is greater for fine gained soil then course grained soil.
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Creep occurs (secondary compression) after consolidation settlements. We defined consolidation settlement, as that compression during which excess pore pressure exists in the strat
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Total Dynamic Head: (TDH) y-axis plot point related to each x-axis flow rate along the system curve plot. TDH = h a = TSH + h f + v 2 /2g v 2 / 2g usually small
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Q. Reasons for blockage in pumping concrete ? Concrete pumping is normally adopted in highly elevated locations for which access for concrete trucks is difficult. Construction
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