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Assignments in pl/sqlThe Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered.By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unless you expressly initialize the variable, its value is undefined, as the following illustration shows:DECLAREcount INTEGER;...BEGINcount := count + 1; -- assigns a null to countThe expression on the right side of the assignment operator yield NULL as count is null. To avoid the unpredicted results, never reference the variable before you assign it a value.You can use assignment statements to assign the values to a variable. For illustration, the statement below assigns a new value to the variable bonus, overwriting its older value:bonus := salary * 0.15;The expression below the assignment operator can be randomly complex, but it must yield a datatype that is similar as or convertible to the datatype of the variable.
Processing Transactions This part describes how to do the transaction processing. You learn the fundamental techniques that safeguard the consistency of your database, involvin
Creating a Table Syantax: CREATE TABLE ENROLMENT (StudentId SID, Name VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL, CourseId CID, PRIMARY KEY (StudentId, CourseId)) ; Explan
Negation (NOT, ¬) - SQL There are three rows instead of just two. As you can see, ¬ p is defined as in two-valued logic (2VL) when p is either true or false, but ¬ (unknown) i
Table Represents an Extension - SQL It describes how each tuple in a relation represents a true instantiation of some predicate and each true instantiation is represented by s
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
DELETE Statement The DELETE statement eliminates whole rows of data from the specified table or view. Syntax:
Data Types in SQL - Integer INTEGER or synonymously INT, for integers within a certain range. SQL additionally has types SMALLINT and BIGINT for certain ranges of integers. T
Short-Circuit Evaluation When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops computing the expression as soon as the result
LEVEL You use the LEVEL with the SELECT CONNECT BY statement to categorize rows from a database table into a tree structure. The LEVEL returns the level number of a node in a
THEO R Y OF CATASTROPHISM OR CATALYSM (CUVIER 1769-1832) - The world has passed thorugh several stages and at the end of each stage there was a catastrophe killing all the
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