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Assignments in pl/sqlThe Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered.By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unless you expressly initialize the variable, its value is undefined, as the following illustration shows:DECLAREcount INTEGER;...BEGINcount := count + 1; -- assigns a null to countThe expression on the right side of the assignment operator yield NULL as count is null. To avoid the unpredicted results, never reference the variable before you assign it a value.You can use assignment statements to assign the values to a variable. For illustration, the statement below assigns a new value to the variable bonus, overwriting its older value:bonus := salary * 0.15;The expression below the assignment operator can be randomly complex, but it must yield a datatype that is similar as or convertible to the datatype of the variable.
Using COMMIT The COMMIT statements end the present transaction and make permanent any changes made during that transaction. Till you commit the changes, other users cannot acc
UNNEST operator in SQL The inverse operator of GROUP is UNGROUP. SQL has an operator, UNNEST, that can be used for similar purposes, but its method of invocation is somewhat p
Using SET TRANSACTION You use the SET TRANSACTION statement to begin the read-only or read-write transaction, start an isolation level, or assign your present transaction to a
Procedural Constraint Enforcement (Triggers) SQL has an alternative method of addressing database integrity, involving event-driven procedural code. The special procedures th
Literals A literal is an explicit numeric, string, character, or Boolean value not represented by an identifier. Numeric literal 147 and the Boolean literal FALSE are some of
CLOSE Statement The CLOSE statement allows the resources held by a cursor variable or open cursor to be reused. No more rows can be fetched from the cursor variable or closed
Write an anonymous block that contains a PL/SQL procedure. The procedure takes two input parameter: oldZip and newZip, and it updates the zipcodes table by replacing all oldZip wit
Parameter and Keyword Description: EXIT: An unconditional EXIT statement (i.e., one without a WHEN clause) exits the present loop instantly. The Execution resumes with th
JOIN and AND in SQL In this Section is all about one operator, JOIN. SQL's closest counterpart, NATURAL JOIN, has already been covered. Here we look at several other "join" op
Datatypes Every constant and variable has a datatype that specifies the storage format, constraints, and the valid range of values. The PL/SQL gives a variety of predefined dat
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