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Assignments in pl/sqlThe Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered.By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unless you expressly initialize the variable, its value is undefined, as the following illustration shows:DECLAREcount INTEGER;...BEGINcount := count + 1; -- assigns a null to countThe expression on the right side of the assignment operator yield NULL as count is null. To avoid the unpredicted results, never reference the variable before you assign it a value.You can use assignment statements to assign the values to a variable. For illustration, the statement below assigns a new value to the variable bonus, overwriting its older value:bonus := salary * 0.15;The expression below the assignment operator can be randomly complex, but it must yield a datatype that is similar as or convertible to the datatype of the variable.
Cursor Variables As Parameters You can declare the cursor variables as the formal parameters of the functions and procedures. In the illustration below, you define the REF CUR
Count Operator in SQL Example: Counting the students who have scored more than 50 in some exam (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId FROM EXAM_MARK WHE
Declaring and Initializing Objects: An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or packa
This is a Customer Management project. Customer data is presented in a text file. The program will load this text data into its DB columns. The data mapping is user definable. User
Avoiding Collection Exceptions In many cases, if you reference a nonexistent collection element, then PL/SQL raises a predefined exception. Consider the illustration shown b
Parameter and Keyword Description: record_type_name: This identifies the user-defined type specifier that is used in the subsequent declarations of the records. NOT N
PITS Depressions in secondary cell wall is called pit. A pit present on the free cell wall surface without its partner is called Blind pit. It consists of 2 parts -
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
LONG and LONG RAW You use the LONG datatype to store the variable-length character strings. The LONG datatype is such as the VARCHAR2 datatype, except that the maximum length o
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
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