Reference no: EM133879342

Discussion

1. When viewing Episode 1, "Just Breathe," the patient named Raymond Jones was having trouble catching his breath in the beginning and coughing uncontrollably. In this scenario, Tony asked the patient how long he had been showing symptoms and what may have caused this disease to evolve. By doing this, Tony was able to imply that etiology can be the cause of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), which can be helpful in order to understand or wanting to know what caused it. After questioning the patient, Tony reviewed his risk factors, which in this case can be due to Mister Jone's previous and present lifestyle, such as the consumption of alcohol, usage of heroin, and smoking. His medical history can also have an impact on his condition due to having hypertension, anemia, iron deficiency, and bloody sputum. These factors can increase the likelihood of a disease. The clinical manifestations the patient has presented are chronic coughing, hoarseness, and wheezing. Once Tony and Martinez performed a checkup, they believed Mister Jones might need an X-ray due to the wheezing and lesion in the right upper lobe. This indicates that there is abnormal tissue growth, which is concerning. Having a lung biopsy can further determine the disease, and Jones may need chemotherapy in order to manage the pulmonary disease.

2. Etiology "is the study of the causes or reasons for phenomena. A description of etiologic process includes the identification of those causal factors that, acting in concert, provoke particular disease or injury" (Banasik & Copstead, 2019). In Toni's case, a suspected neoplasm located in the right upper lobe as seen on his CXR can be a potential sign of cancer.

Risk Factors: chronic smoker for 15 years, alcohol use (6 packs of beer per week), history of heroin use 4 years ago, medical history of HTN and iron-deficiency anemia.

Pathogenesis "refers to the development or evolution of a disease, from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease" (Banasik & Copstead, 2019). Toni has had long-term exposure to toxins from cigarette smoke and alcohol use which can cause damage to the lung tissue, possible malignant tumors, development of a mass or neoplasm in the lung, low WBC and platelet counts, and cancer-related anemia. According to the National Library of Medicine, the highest population-attributable fraction for lung cancer related to smoking included 89% of males and 83% of females (Mons et al., 2018).

Clinical Manifestations (S/S): hoarse voice, chronic cough, wheezing (which was noted in the upper right lobe via auscultation), bloody sputum, and low levels of WBC and platelet counts.

Treatment/Management: oncology referral for further testing and lung biopsy to confirm type of neoplasm per CXR results. Patient education that includes smoking cessation support, and medications to control and relieve symptoms such as antitussives and bronchodilators as ordered by the doctor.