Reference no: EM133763684

Question

In North America, more than 1% of newborn infants have CHD resulting from numerous causes. The prevalence of CHD ranges from six to 13 per 1,000 live births; premature infants have a higher rate (Altman, 2018). The most common chromosome defects associated with CHD are trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and Turner syndrome (Marian et al., 2017). About one third of infants with CHD will have disease serious enough to result in death or will require cardiac catheterization or cardiac surgery within the first year of life. Complications of CHD include heart failure, hypoxemia, growth retardation, developmental delay, and pulmonary vascular disease. Children with severe anomalies frequently experience failure to thrive. With advances in palliative and corrective surgery over the past 60 years, many more children are now able to survive into adulthood. As many as 85% of children with CHD grow to be adults, yet many have problems related to education, insurance, and employment (Lin et al., 2017). Yet, it has been shown that adolescents with CHD are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychosocial morbidity (Razzaghi et al., 2015). Due to the potential long-term effects that CHD may have on these children, nurses must be expertly equipped to care