Cause or origin of disease or health condition

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1. In pathophysiology, etiology stands for the study of, cause or origin of a disease or health condition. Referring to the case that was discussed in episode one, Toni is looking after a patient who is presenting signs of a malignant tumor in his lungs. The etiology for a malignant tumor is uncontrolled cell growth and division (Cooper 2000). This uncontrollable growth occurs from DNA mutations, and when you have undifferentiated cells divide rapidly, they can form a malignant tumor. Carcinogens are known causes of cancer, and while it is incredibly difficult to avoid all carcinogens, there are main risk factors that you can avoid, such as tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and drug use (Cooper 2000). There can be other risk factors that can increase the likelihood of a malignant tumor forming. In the episode, as Toni is receiving the patient's history, we see that he has a history of all three risk factors that I listed above. The pathogenesis of malignant tumors can be described in three steps, which include initiation, promotion, and progression (Cooper 2000). Initiation is the result of a genetic alteration in the cell that leads to promotion, which stimulates the mutated cells to divide uncontrollably. This then leads to tumor progression, and as that continues, we see additional mutations occur in the tumor population (Cooper 200).

The signs and symptoms of cancer can vary, but some common ones include a change in bowel habits, sores that do not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, lumps or masses in the body, indigestion, warts or moles, coughing or hoarseness in the voice. Other major clinical manifestations of cancer can include changes in organ functions, pain, immune system suppression, weight loss, and weakness (Banasik 2021). In the episode, we see the patient struggling with weakness, persistent coughing, and clear hoarseness in his voice. Some treatments or management for malignant tumors include radiation and chemotherapy. These treatments can kill the uncontrollable growth of mutated cells, but also risk killing the growth of healthy cells, and that is why many patients who undergo these treatments can develop bone marrow depression, nausea, and anemia.

2. Breaking down the components of the pathophysiology framework such as etiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms), and treatment/management allows for a deeper understanding of disease processes when applied to real life clinical cases. By analyzing each element within the context of a specific patient, nurses can more effectively identify disease mechanisms, assess contributing factors, recognize symptoms, and develop individualized care plans. This approach will highlight the practical importance of pathophysiological concepts in guiding clinical decisions and improving patient outcomes.

Etiology

The etiology might involve a mix of genetic predisposition and lifestyle choices. For instance, the patients family history of a specific illness combined with a sedentary lifestyle could both contribute to the development of her condition.

Risk Factors

Risk factors are characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of developing a disease. The potential risk factors might include his age, family medical history, dietary habits, and activity level.

Pathogenesis

Pathogenesis describes the biological and physiological processes that lead to the development and progression of a disease. In this scenario, pathogenesis would involve the internal changes occurring in his body as the disease advances, as seen in the video.

Clinical Manifestations (Signs and Symptoms)

Clinical manifestations are the indicators of disease, including both signs and symptoms. Signs might include elevated blood pressure or irregular test results, while symptoms could involve feelings of fatigue, shortness of breath, or coughing.

Treatment/Management

Care plans would be tailored to her specific diagnosis and overall health status, potentially involving medications to manage symptoms, recommendations for a healthier lifestyle, and routine follow-ups to track her progress.

Reference no: EM133878779

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