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Loop LabelsLike the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP statement, as shown:<>LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;Optionally, the label name can also come out at the end of the LOOP statement, as the illustration below shows:<>LOOP...END LOOP my_loop;If you nest labeled loops, you can use the ending label names to improve the readability. With either form of the EXIT statement, you cannot complete only the current loop, but also any of the enclosing loops. Merely, label the enclosing loop that you want to done. Then, use the label in an EXIT statement, as shown:<>LOOP...LOOP...EXIT outer WHEN ... -- exit both loopsEND LOOP;...END LOOP outer;
Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
ROWID and UROWID Internally, every database table has a ROWID pseudo column that stores binary values known as rowids. Each rowid shows the storage address of a row. A physical
Short-Circuit Evaluation When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops computing the expression as soon as the result
Fetching from a Cursor Variable The FETCH statement retrieve rows one at a time from the product set of a multi-row query. The syntax for the same is as shown: FETCH {curso
Subprograms The PL/SQL has two types of subprograms known as the procedures and functions that can take parameters and be invoked. As the following example represents, a subp
Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
IN OUT Mode An IN OUT parameter passes initial values to the subprogram being called and return efficient values to the caller. Within the subprogram, an IN OUT parameter acts
Bulk Binds advantages In the Embedded Oracle RDBMS, the PL/SQL engines accept any valid PL/SQL subprogram or block. As the figure shows, the PL/SQL engine executes all procedur
Parameter SELF in pl/sql The MEMBER methods recognize a built-in parameter named SELF that is an instance of the object type. Whether declared explicitly or implicitly, it is
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