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Read-Only Operator (+) - SQL
The term read-only operator to the mathematical term function. Here I just need to add that the SQL standard reserves the term function for read-only operators that are invoked using prefix notation: an operator name followed by a commalist of argument expressions enclosed in parentheses, as in for example SQRT(2), denoting the positive square root of 2, or SUBSTRING(X FROM 1 FOR 2) denoting the first two characters of the character string denoted by X. The term operator is used for those invoked using infix notation, like + for example.
ROWID and UROWID Internally, every database table has a ROWID pseudo column that stores binary values known as rowids. Each rowid shows the storage address of a row. A physical
Assigning and Comparing Collections One collection can be assigned to other by an SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or FETCH statement, an assignment statement, or by a subprogram call. A
Remote Operations: As the illustration shows below, the PL/SQL subprograms can execute the dynamic SQL statements which refer to the objects on a remote database: PROCEDURE
Primary Key - SQL A PRIMARY KEY specification carries an implicit NOT NULL constraint on each column of the specified key. When more than one key constraint is required, the k
Example of Cast Operator So long as CAST is used as shown, we could obtain the total marks for each exam in similar fashion, using SUM (Mark) AS TotalMarks. However, this giv
Using the Collection Methods The collection methods below help to generalize the code and make collections easier to use and also make your applications easier to maintain:
Example of GROUPBY Operator Example: How many students sat each exam, using GROUP BY, NATURAL LEFT JOIN, and COALESCE SELECT CourseId, COALESCE (n, 0) AS n FROM COURS
Updating Tables in SQL The topic of updating by describing the assignment operator, ":=" in Tutorial D. SQL uses a different syntax for assignment, using the key word SET and
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
RETURN Statement The RETURN statement instantly completes the execution of a subprogram and returns control to the caller. The Execution then resumes with the statement below t
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