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Explicit Cursors
The set of rows returned by the query can include zero, one, or multiple rows, depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. Whenever a query returns a multiple row, you can explicitly declare the cursor to process the rows. Furthermore, you can declare a cursor in the declarative part of any PL/SQL subprogram, block, or package.
You use 3 commands to control the cursor: OPEN, FETCH, & CLOSE. At First, you initialize the cursor with the OPEN statement that identifies the result set. Then, you use the FETCH statement to recover the first row. You can execute FETCH frequently until all rows have been retrieved. When the final row has been processed, you discharge the cursor with the CLOSE statement. You can process few queries in parallel by declaring and opening the multiple cursors.
Due to an increase in overhead costs, the buying price of all items needs to be increased. Management wants to see a report before deciding how much each product will go up. Add to
Declaring and Initializing Objects: An object type is once defined and installed in the schema; you can use it to declare the objects in any PL/SQL, subprogram, block or packa
Identifiers You use identifiers to name the PL/SQL program items and units that include constants, variables, cursors, exceptions, cursor variables, subprograms, and packages.
Naming Conventions The similar naming conventions apply to all PL/SQL program items and units including the variables, cursors, constants, cursor variables, procedures, exception
OUT Mode An OUT parameter returns values to the caller of a subprogram. Within the subprogram, an OUT parameter act like a variable. That means that you can use an OUT formal
Dynamic SQL: The Most PL/SQL programs do a predictable, specific job. For illustration, a stored procedure may accept an employee number and salary increase, and then update t
Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access
Using EXISTS The EXISTS(n) returns TRUE if the nth element in a collection exist. Or else, EXISTS(n) returns FALSE. Primarily, you use EXISTS with DELETE to maintain the spars
Calling Constructors: The Calls to a constructor are allowed wherever the function calls are allowed. Similarly to the functions, a constructor is called as a section of an ex
Using Subqueries A subquery is a query (typically enclosed by parentheses) that appears within another SQL data manipulation statement. If evaluated, the subquery gives a va
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