External sources for health care, Biology

Assignment Help:

External Sources for Health Care

External sources account for 8 per cent of health spending in low income countries and less than 1 per cent in middle income countries. Studies focusing on examining the effectiveness of health expenditure received from donor countries record a range of effects: from no impact to limited impact and to impacts limited to specific interventions. The association of stronger institutions and higher investments in other health related sectors (e.g. education and infrastructure) to improved health outcomes is established by many studies. While the impact of developmental assistance on under-five mortality is found to be direct, that on maternal mortality is indirect. The latter is linked to government health spending (through budgetary support). A study of 14 countries receiving development assistance for health has found that 30 per cent of external aid was not reflected in the balance of payments (BoP), while another 20 per cent entered the BoP but not through government budget. Of the remaining 50 per cent, only 20 per cent was routed through general budget support.

The off-budget nature of a significant amount of external aid, the exclusion of much aid from the BoP etc., are, however, considered essential features in funds management. Such flexibilities are needed for the recipient countries to implement their country-owned programmes effectively. Referred to as ‘aid’s fungibility’, such features of fund’s management/accounting, is described to imply that governments may divert domestic resources to other uses in the presence of donor funding in areas like primary healthcare.


Although at one level flexibility features in accounting practices are considered essential, concern on the future implications of budgetary shortfalls have also been raised. For instance, it is pointed out that analysis must take into consideration that higher levels of spending in a sector, when financed from external grant flows, may have a ripple effect on spending in other sectors. As grant financing may not be available for those sectors, the demand needs to be met through internal resources. Also, increases in expenditures at a point of time may need to be limited as funds may not be available to cover the increased expenditures when grant financing becomes unavailable at a later time point. Changes in accounting practices cannot, by themselves, create additional scope for expenditure by providing increased fiscal space. In the light of these possibilities, it is necessary that fiscal analysis at the country level must take into consideration the spill over effects of expenditure decisions. This can be done either by strict adherence to ‘sector expenditure ceilings’ or by meeting the additional offshoot expenditures through internal financing.


Related Discussions:- External sources for health care

Which enzyme acts on pyruvate in mitochondria, Which enzyme acts on pyruvat...

Which enzyme acts on pyruvate in mitochondria and converts it to acetyl CoA?Name its components and cofactors associated with it. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex acts on pyruvate

Name the phases into which hiv infection is often divided, What are the thr...

What are the three phases into which the HIV infection is often divided? The HIV infection is often separated into three phases: the acute phase, from the infection to 1 until

Define viscosity - property of agar, Viscosity The viscosity at tempera...

Viscosity The viscosity at temperatures above its gelation point is relatively constant  at pH values of 4.5  to 9.0 and is not greatly affected by age or ionic strength within

Light-environmental components, LIGHT All of us know that the sun is the ...

LIGHT All of us know that the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all activities in our biosphere. The electromagnetic radiations from the sun supply energy which warms up t

Problem areas in integrative and environmental biology, Q Identify truly ex...

Q Identify truly exciting problem areas in integrative and environmental biology that need an integrated approach utilizing mathematics and statistics. What questions absolutely n

What do you mean by digestive enzymes, Q. Besides the pancreatic juice in t...

Q. Besides the pancreatic juice in the intestine there is the releasing of the enteric juice that contains digestive enzymes too. What are these enzymes and which type of molecule

Determine the biologic response, Determine the biologic response The bi...

Determine the biologic response The biologic response can include: i) Metabolic disturbance. ii) Inflammatory response iii) Immune response iv) Mutagenesis v) Ca

Describe phosphorylated for atp formation, Q. What is compound that is phos...

Q. What is compound that is phosphorylated for ATP formation? What is resulting compound when ATP liberates energy? adenosine triphosphate or ATP is formed after the binding of

Seed dispersal, what are the characteristics of the stages in seed dispersa...

what are the characteristics of the stages in seed dispersal

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd