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R-2R LADDER CONVERTER
Figure shows a 4-bit R-2R ladderD/Aconverter,which contains a reference voltage source, a set of four switches, two resistors per bit, and an op amp. The analog output voltage can be shown to be
Vo = - Vref (b0 × 2-1 + b1 × 2-2 +···+ bn-1 × 2-n )
Because only two resistor values (R and 2R) are used, the R-2R ladder converter networks are relatively simple tomanufacture, fast, practical, and reliable. The commercially available AD558, which is an 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, is an example.
In the circuit above, V1 is a dc supply which outputs 12V, R1 has a value of 100 Ω and C1 is 100µF. The switch has been left in the position shown for a long time such that there i
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High Voltage Distribution System or HVDS Adoption of HVDS (High Voltage Distribution System) through converting existing LVDS to HVDS reduces the technical losses appreciably.
Diode Schematic Symbol The diode in figure is a unidirectional device. Electron current just only flows in one direction, against the arrow, corresponding to forward bias. The
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Sketch the asymptotic Bode plot for
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