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What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain.
Embedded SQL - SQL could be implemented within two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or through using API. The use of SQL commands inside a host language (e.g., C, Java, etc.) program is known as embedded query language or Embedded SQL. While same capabilities are supported for a variety of host languages, the syntax sometimes varies. A few of the features of embedded SQL are:
SQL statements could be used while a statement in the host language is permitted. It merges the strengths of two programming environments, the procedural characteristics of host languages and non-procedural character of SQL.
SQL statements could refer to variables (must be prefixed by a colon in SQL statements) described in the host program.
Special program variables (known as null indicators) are used to assign and retrieve the NULL values to and from the database.
The facilities available by the interactive query language are also mechanically available to the host programs.
Embedded SQL along with host languages could be used to accomplish extremely complex and complex data access and manipulation tasks.
What is the meaning of Recovery? In deferred update methods, if a transaction fails before arriving its commit point, it will not have altered the database in any way, so UNDO
The Locking Protocol: To manage concurrency related problems we use locking. A lock is mainly a variable that is associated with a data item in the database. A lock can be located
Having Clause with sub queries: First we have to recollect the GROUP BYclause. The following query searches the minimum salary in every department. SELECT DEPTNO, MIN (SAL)
Create an index for the table Client, field CLIENT_NO of Q ? Command: CREATE INDEX client_client_no ON client(client_no);
Write an sql statement to find what is the percentage of home policies which are from the state of Arizona out of all Home policies by Policy Value.
Fragmentation: It is definite as partitioning of a relation into various fragments.Every fragment can be stored at a dissimilar site.
Which two files are used during operation of the DBMS? Data dictionary and transaction log are two files used during operation of the DBMS.
In E-R Diagram how derived attribute are represented ? In E-R Diagram By Dashed ellipse derived attribute are represented.
Fourth Normal Form (4NF) When attributes in a relation have multi-valued dependency, further Normalization to 4NF and 5NF are needed. Let us first find out what multi-valued d
sql is relationally complete-justify
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