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Explain the concept of generalization and aggregation in E_R diagrams. Give one example for each one of them?
Generalization: Consider extending the entity set account through classifying accounts as being either savings-account or chequing-account. Each of these is described through the attributes of account plus additional attributes. (Savings has interest-rate and cheque has overdraft-amount.) We can express the similarities among the entity sets through generalization. This is the procedure of forming containment relationships among a higher-level entity set and one or more lower-level entity sets.
Aggregation: The E-R model cannot express relationships between relationships. When would we require such a thing?
Consider a DB along with information about employees who work on a particular project and use a number of machines doing in which work. We get the E-R diagram shown in Figure.
Figure: E-R diagram with redundant relationships
Relationship sets work and uses could be combined into a single set. Therefore, they shouldn't be, as this would obscure the logical structure of this scheme. The solution is to use aggregation.• An abstraction by those relationships is treated as higher-level entities.• For our instance, we treat the relationship set work and the entity sets employee and project as a higher-level entity set called work.• Another figure shows the E-R diagram with aggregation.
in case of functional dependencies how we get the higher normal form.
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