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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Recursive Subprograms The recursive subprogram is the one that calls itself. Think of a recursive call as a call to a few other subprograms that does the similar task as your
Authorisations - Privileges As relational theory is silent on the issue of authorisation, it offers nothing with which SQL's vast edifice in support of what it calls privilege
Avoiding Collection Exceptions In many cases, if you reference a nonexistent collection element, then PL/SQL raises a predefined exception. Consider the illustration shown b
Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access
Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
Accessing Attributes: You can refer to an attribute only by its name not by its position in the object type. To access or modify the value of an attribute, you can use the dot
DELETE Statement The DELETE statement eliminates whole rows of data from the specified table or view. Syntax:
Use the RETURNING Clause Frequently, the application requires information about the row affected by a SQL operation, for illustration, to produce a report or take a subsequent
Using the FORALL Statement The keyword FORALL instruct the PL/SQL engine to bulk-bind input collections before sending them all to the SQL engine. Though the FORALL statement
Iterative Control: LOOP Statements The LOOP statement executes a series of statements multiple times. There are 3 forms of LOOP statements: LOOP, WHILE-LOOP, & FOR-LOOP. LOOP
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