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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Negation (NOT, ¬) - SQL There are three rows instead of just two. As you can see, ¬ p is defined as in two-valued logic (2VL) when p is either true or false, but ¬ (unknown) i
Question: Consider the following relations (primary keys are underlined): AUTHOR (ANo, aname, address, speciality) PUBLISHER (PNo, pname, Location) BOOK (BNo, Title, ISBN,
Write an anonymous block that contains a PL/SQL procedure. The procedure takes two input parameter: oldZip and newZip, and it updates the zipcodes table by replacing all oldZip wit
Using PRIOR and NEXT The PRIOR(n) returns the index number that precede index n in a collection. The NEXT(n) returns the index number which succeed the index n. If n has no pr
Example of COALESCE operator Example: Give the total of marks for each exam (simplified solution) SELECT CourseId, COALESCE ((SELECT SUM (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Example of WHEN or THEN Constraints A concrete example showing how SQL supports WHEN/THEN constraints CREATE TABLE SAL_HISTORY (EmpNo CHAR (6), Salary INTEGER NOT NULL,
EXIT The EXIT statement forces a loop to done unconditionally. Whenever an EXIT statement is encountered, the loop is done immediately and controls the passes to the next statem
Packages The package is a schema object which groups logically associated to the PL/SQL items, types, and subprograms. The Packages have 2 sections: the specification & the bod
At times, Brewbean's has changed the id number for existing products. In the past, they have had to add a new product row with the new id to the BB_PRODUCT table, modify all the co
Recursion The Recursion is a powerful method for simplify the design of the algorithms. Principally, the recursion means the self-reference. In the recursive mathematical serie
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