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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Parameter Aliasing To optimize the subprogram call, the PL/SQL compiler can decide between the two techniques of the parameter passing. With the by-value techniques, the v
Positional and Named Notation You can write the actual parameters when calling a subprogram, using either positional or named notation. That is, you can point to the relationsh
Using EXCEPTION_INIT To handle unnamed internal exceptions, you should use the OTHERS handler or the pragma EXCEPTION_INIT. The pragma is a compiler directive that can be th
Using FORALL and BULK COLLECT Together You can unite the BULK COLLECT clause with the FORALL statement, in that case, the SQL engine bulk-binds column values incrementally. In
TTITLE and BTITLE are commands in Pl-SQL to control report headings and footers. This Ttitle & Btitle are mainly used on creating SQL*PLUS report. Ttitle is used for toptitle headi
MERGE and TRUNCATE in SQL SQL has two more table update operators, MERGE and TRUNCATE. MERGE, like INSERT, takes a source table s and uses it to update a target table t. Brief
Mutual Recursion The Subprograms are mutually recursive if they directly or indirectly call each other. In the illustration below, the Boolean functions odd & even, that dete
Extension and AND in SQL The theory book gives the following simple example of relational extension in Tutorial D: EXTEND IS_CALLED ADD ( FirstLetter ( Name ) AS Initial )
Effects of NULL Operator As a general rule-but not a universal one-if NULL is an argument to an invocation of a system-defined read-only operator, then NULL is the result of t
Create a view named CustomerAddresses that shows the shipping and billing addresses for each customer in the MyGuitarShop database. This view should return these columns from the
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