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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Parameter and Keyword Description: table_reference: This keyword identifies the table or view that should be accessible when you execute the UPDATE statement, and for wh
Write a program to implement the inverted file shown in the slides (Simple Index file, LabelID file and Data file). Use the Avail_List to point at the deleted Label IDs so that th
Natural Join - SQL In the absence of NATURAL JOIN Example has to be replaced by something rather more longwinded, as shown in Example. Example: Joining IS_CALLED and IS_EN
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Short-Circuit Evaluation When computing a logical expression, the PL/SQL uses short-circuit evaluation. That is, the PL/SQL stops computing the expression as soon as the result
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
PRIMARY KEY: PRIMARY KEY indicates that the table is subject to a key constraint, in this case declaring that no two rows in the table assigned to ENROLMENT can ever have the
Controlling Autonomous Transactions The first SQL statement in an autonomous routine starts a transaction. Whenever one transaction ends, the next SQL statement starts the oth
Using Operator DEREF: You cannot navigate through refs within the PL/SQL procedural statements. Rather than, you should use the operator DEREF in the SQL statement. The DEREF
INSERT Statement The INSERT statement adds fresh rows of data to the specified database table or view. Syntax:
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