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Using %TYPEThe %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable:credit REAL(7,2);debit credit%TYPE;The Variables declared using %TYPE is treated such as those declared using a datatype specifier. For example, given the earlier declarations, the PL/SQL treats debit such as REAL (7, 2) variable. The later example shows that a %TYPE declaration can involve an initialization clause:balance NUMBER(7,2);minimum_balance balance%TYPE := 10.00;The %TYPE attribute is mainly useful when declaring a variable which refer to a database columns. You can reference a table & column, or you can reference an owner, column, table, and as inmy_dname scott.dept.dname%TYPE;Using the %TYPE to declare my_dname has two merits. Firstly, you do not require knowing the exact datatype of dname. Secondly, when the database definition of the dname changes, the datatype of my_dname change accordingly at the run time.
Literals A literal is an explicit numeric, string, character, or Boolean value not represented by an identifier. Numeric literal 147 and the Boolean literal FALSE are some of
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which performs a specific action. You write procedures using the syntax as shown below: PROCEDURE name [(parameter[, parameter, .
UNNEST operator in SQL The inverse operator of GROUP is UNGROUP. SQL has an operator, UNNEST, that can be used for similar purposes, but its method of invocation is somewhat p
Advantages of Wrapping The PL/SQL Wrapper convert the PL/SQL source code into a transitional form of the object code. By hiding the application internals, the Wrapper secure
Example of NOT EXISTS Operator - SQL Example is a translation into SQL of the corresponding example, which is included there merely to show that for any scalar comparison the
Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some operators, that together constitute an algebra that is not only relationally complete but also irreducibly so (very nearly- apart f
Use the NOCOPY Compiler Hint By default, the OUT and IN OUT parameters are passed by the value i.e. the value of an IN OUT actual parameter is copied into the corresponding fo
Using the FORALL Statement The keyword FORALL instruct the PL/SQL engine to bulk-bind input collections before sending them all to the SQL engine. Though the FORALL statement
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
What are the rates for help in writing PL/SQL procedures and functions?
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