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Naming ConventionsThe similar naming conventions apply to all PL/SQL program items and units including the variables, cursors, constants, cursor variables, procedures, exceptions, functions, and packages. The Names can be simple, remote, qualified, or both qualified and remote. For illustration, you might use the procedure name raise_salary in any of the following ways shown below:raise_salary(...); -- simpleemp_actions.raise_salary(...); -- qualifiedraise_salary@newyork(...); -- remoteemp_actions.raise_salary@newyork(...); -- qualified and remoteIn the first condition, you basically use the procedure name. In the second condition, you should qualify the name using the dot notation as the procedure is stored in a package named as the emp_actions. In the third condition, using the remote access indicator (@), you reference the database link newyork as the procedure is stored in the remote database. In the fourth condition, you qualify the procedure name and reference the database link.
Logical Operators The logical operators AND, NOT, and OR follow the tri-state logic shown in table below. The AND and OR are binary operators; NOT is a unary operator.
Running the PL/SQL Wrapper To run the PL/SQL Wrapper, go through the wrap command at your operating system prompt by using the syntax as shown: wrap iname=input_file [oname=
Comparison Operators The Comparison operators can compare one expression to another. The outcome is always true, false, or null. Usually, you use a comparison operators in condi
Updating Variables For assignment, SQL uses the key word SET, as in SET X = X + 1 (read as "set X equal to X+1") rather than X: = X + 1 as found in many computer languages.
Explicitly specifying the join condition - SQL SELECT * FROM IS_CALLED JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON ON ( IS_CALLED.StudentId = IS_ENROLLED_ON.StudentId ) Now, the key word JO
Package STANDARD package named STANDARD defines the PL/SQL atmosphere. The package specification globally declares the exceptions, types, and subprograms that are available a
Transaction context As the figure shows, the major transaction shares its context with the nested transactions, but not with the autonomous transactions. Similarly, If one aut
WHILE-LOOP The WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown: WHILE condition LOOP sequence_of_sta
UNION ALL - SQL Further varieties of UNION arise when we replace the key word DISTINCT by ALL in any of the foregoing examples, as in Example. ALL specifies that if row r appe
Question: (a) The objective of query optimization is to choose the most efficient strategy for implementing a given relational query, thereby improving the system performance. On
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