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Using AliasesThe Select-list items fetched from a cursor related with the %ROWTYPE should have simple names or, if they are expressions, should have aliases. In the example below, you use an alias known as the wages:-- available online in file ’examp4’DECLARECURSOR my_cursor ISSELECT sal + NVL(comm, 0) wages, ename FROM emp;my_rec my_cursor%ROWTYPE;BEGINOPEN my_cursor;LOOPFETCH my_cursor INTO my_rec;EXIT WHEN my_cursor%NOTFOUND;IF my_rec.wages > 2000 THENINSERT INTO temp VALUES (NULL, my_rec.wages, my_rec.ename);END IF;END LOOP;CLOSE my_cursor;END;
%TYPE: This attribute gives the datatype of a formerly declared collection, cursor variable, object, field, record, database column, or variable. Datatype: This is simply
Use Native Dynamic SQL A few programs (a normal-purpose report writer for illustration) should build and process a variety of SQL statements at run time. Therefore, their full
Use External Routines The PL/SQL is particular for the SQL transaction processing. Therefore, several tasks are more quickly completed in a lower-level language like C that is
Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
Example of Using Aggregation on Nested Tables Example: How many students sat each exam WITH C_ER AS (SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM
IN Operator The operator IN tests the set membership. This means "equal to any member of." The set may have nulls, but they are ignored. For illustration, the statement below do
Biconditional - SQL The biconditional p ↔ q can be expressed in Tutorial D by p = q and the same is true of SQL. The question then arises as to whether, in SQL, p = q is equiv
which operation is used if we are interested in only certain columns of a table?
Boolean Values Only the values TRUE, FALSE, & NULL can be assigned to a Boolean variable. For illustration, given the declaration DECLARE done BOOLEAN; the following statements
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
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