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Built-In FunctionsThe PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below:error reportingnumbercharacterdatatype conversiondateobject referencemiscellaneousThe table shows the functions in each and every category. You can use all the functions in the SQL statements except the error-reporting functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM. You can also use all the functions in the procedural statements except the miscellaneous functions like DECODE, DUMP, & VSIZE.The SQL aggregate functions such as AVG, GROUPING, COUNT, STDDEV, MIN, MAX, SUM, and VARIANCE are not built into PL/SQL. However, you can use them in the SQL statements (but not in the procedural statements).
Table: Built-in Functions
Effects of NULL for UNIQUE Specification When a UNIQUE specification u for base table t includes a column c that is not subject to a NOT NULL constraint, the appearance of sev
Implicit Cursors The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicitly declared cursor. The PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recen
Parameter and Keyword Description: cursor_variable_name: This identifies a cursor variable or the parameter formerly declared within the present scope. host_cursor_va
Database Values You can use the SELECT statement to have the Oracle assign values to a variable. For Each and every item in the select list, there must be a matching, type-compa
DELETE Statement The DELETE statement eliminates whole rows of data from the specified table or view. Syntax:
How Calls Are Resolved? The figure shows that how the PL/SQL compiler resolves the subprogram calls. When the compiler encounters the procedure or function call, it tries to di
Example of Tables within a Table - SQL Example: Obtaining C_ER from COURSE and EXAM_MARK SELECT CourseId, CAST (TABLE (SELECT DISTINCT StudentId, Mark FROM EXAM_MARK AS EM
Relational Operators The relational operators permit you to compare randomly complex expressions. The list below provides the meaning of each operator:
Exception handling In the PL/SQL, a warning or error condition is known as an exception. The Exceptions can be internally defined (by the run-time system) or user defined. The
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
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