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Built-In FunctionsThe PL/SQL provides a lot of powerful functions to help you to manipulate the data. These built-in functions fall into the categories as shown below:error reportingnumbercharacterdatatype conversiondateobject referencemiscellaneousThe table shows the functions in each and every category. You can use all the functions in the SQL statements except the error-reporting functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM. You can also use all the functions in the procedural statements except the miscellaneous functions like DECODE, DUMP, & VSIZE.The SQL aggregate functions such as AVG, GROUPING, COUNT, STDDEV, MIN, MAX, SUM, and VARIANCE are not built into PL/SQL. However, you can use them in the SQL statements (but not in the procedural statements).
Table: Built-in Functions
Iteration Schemes The bounds of a loop range can be variables, literals, variables, or expressions but must compute to integers. Below are some of the examples. As you can see t
Benefit of the dynamic SQL: This part shows you how to take full benefit of the dynamic SQL and how to keep away from some of the common pitfalls. Passing the Names of Sc
Brewbean's is implementing a new discount for return shoppers - every fifth completed order receives a 10% discount. The count of orders for a shopper is placed in a packaged varia
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
UNION ALL - SQL Further varieties of UNION arise when we replace the key word DISTINCT by ALL in any of the foregoing examples, as in Example. ALL specifies that if row r appe
Using EXCEPTION_INIT To handle unnamed internal exceptions, you should use the OTHERS handler or the pragma EXCEPTION_INIT. The pragma is a compiler directive that can be th
Natural Join - SQL In the absence of NATURAL JOIN Example has to be replaced by something rather more longwinded, as shown in Example. Example: Joining IS_CALLED and IS_EN
Declaring Objects: You can use the object types wherever built-in types like CHAR or NUMBER can be used. In the block below, you can declare object r of type Rational. Then, yo
Using Savepoints The scope of the savepoint is a transaction in which it is defined. The Savepoints defined in the major transaction are not related to the savepoints defined
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