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Transaction Control
The Oracle is transaction oriented; that is, Oracle uses the transactions to make sure the data integrity. The transaction is a sequence of SQL data manipulation statements that does a logical unit of work. For illustration, the two UPDATE statements might credit one bank account and debit another.
At the same time, the Oracle makes permanent or undoes all the database changes made by a transaction. If your program fails in the middle of the transaction, the Oracle detects the error and rolls back the transaction. Therefore, the database is restored to its previous state automatically.
You use the ROLLBACK, COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, & SET TRANSACTION commands to control the transactions. The COMMIT makes everlasting and any database changes made during the present transaction. The ROLLBACK ends the present transaction and undoes any changes made as the transaction began. The SAVEPOINT marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT undoes part of a transaction. The SET TRANSACTION sets the transaction properties like the read/write access and isolation level.
Methods: In normal, a method is a subprogram declared in an object type specification using the keyword MEMBER or STATIC. The method cannot have similar name as the object typ
Keyword &Parameter Description: index_name: This is an undeclared identifier which can be referenced only within the FORALL statement and only as the collection subscript
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
Calling Constructors: The Calls to a constructor are allowed wherever the function calls are allowed. Similarly to the functions, a constructor is called as a section of an ex
Using Subqueries A subquery is a query (typically enclosed by parentheses) that appears within another SQL data manipulation statement. If evaluated, the subquery gives a va
SQL Operators The PL/SQL uses all the SQL set, comparison, and row operators in the SQL statements. This part briefly describes some of these operators. 1. Comparison Opera
Why Use Cursor Variables ? Primarily, you use the cursor variables to pass the query result sets between the PL/SQL stored subprograms and different clients. Neither PL/SQL nor
Name Resolution In potentially uncertain SQL statements, the names of the database columns take precedence over the names of the local variables and formal parameters. For e.g.
MERGE and TRUNCATE in SQL SQL has two more table update operators, MERGE and TRUNCATE. MERGE, like INSERT, takes a source table s and uses it to update a target table t. Brief
Defining and Declaring Records To create records, you have to define a RECORD type, and then declare records of that type. You may also define RECORD types in the declarative
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