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Transaction Control
The Oracle is transaction oriented; that is, Oracle uses the transactions to make sure the data integrity. The transaction is a sequence of SQL data manipulation statements that does a logical unit of work. For illustration, the two UPDATE statements might credit one bank account and debit another.
At the same time, the Oracle makes permanent or undoes all the database changes made by a transaction. If your program fails in the middle of the transaction, the Oracle detects the error and rolls back the transaction. Therefore, the database is restored to its previous state automatically.
You use the ROLLBACK, COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, & SET TRANSACTION commands to control the transactions. The COMMIT makes everlasting and any database changes made during the present transaction. The ROLLBACK ends the present transaction and undoes any changes made as the transaction began. The SAVEPOINT marks the present point in the processing of a transaction. Used with the ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT undoes part of a transaction. The SET TRANSACTION sets the transaction properties like the read/write access and isolation level.
Scope and Visibility The References to an identifier are resolved according to its visibility and scope. The scope of an identifier is that area of a program unit (subprogram, b
IF Statement The IF statement executes a series of statement conditionally. Whether the series is executed or not depends on the value of the Boolean expression. Syntax:
THEORY OF BIOGENESIS - This theory explains that the existing living organisms originated from pre-existing living beings not from non living entities. This concept of or
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
DECLARE : This keyword signals the beginning of the declarative section of the PL/SQL block, that contains local declarations. The Items declared locally exist only within the
Explicit Cursors The set of rows returned by the query can include zero, one, or multiple rows, depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. Whenever a query returns
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
Control Structures The Control structures are the most important PL/SQL extension to the SQL. Not only does PL/SQL let you manipulate Oracle data, it lets you process the data
An analyst in the quality assurance office reviews the time lapse between receiving an order and shipping an order. Any orders that have not been shipped within a day of the order
Error Handling The PL/SQL makes it easy to detect and process the predefined and user-defined error conditions known as exceptions. Whenever an error occurs, an exception is ra
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