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Predefined Exceptions
The internal exception is raised implicitly whenever your PL/SQL program exceeds a system-dependent limit or violates an Oracle rule. Each & every Oracle error has a number, but exceptions should be handled by the name. Therefore the, PL/SQL predefines some general Oracle errors as exceptions. For illustration, the PL/SQL raises the predefined exception NO_DATA_FOUND when a SELECT INTO statement returns no rows.
You can use the OTHERS handler, to handle the other Oracle errors. The SQLCODE & SQLERRM functions are primarily very helpful in the OTHERS handler since they return the message text & the Oracle error code. Otherwise, you can use the pragma EXCEPTION_INIT to relate an exception names with the Oracle error codes.
The PL/SQL declares predefined exceptions globally in the package STANDARD that defines the PL/SQL atmosphere. Therefore, you need not declare them yourself. You can write the handlers for predefined exceptions using the names shown in the list below. The corresponding Oracle error codes and SQLCODE return values are also shown.
A short description of the predefined exceptions is as shown below:
Example of NOT EXISTS in SQL Example: Use of NOT EXISTS CREATE ASSERTION Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam_alternative1 CHECK ( NOT EXISTS (SELECT StudentId, CourseId
IN OUT Mode An IN OUT parameter passes initial values to the subprogram being called and return efficient values to the caller. Within the subprogram, an IN OUT parameter acts
GOTO Statement The GOTO statement branches categorically to a block label or statement label. The label should be exclusive within its scope and should precede a PL/SQL bloc
EXIT The EXIT statement forces a loop to done unconditionally. Whenever an EXIT statement is encountered, the loop is done immediately and controls the passes to the next statem
WHILE-LOOP The WHILE-LOOP statement relates a condition with the series of statements enclosed by the keywords LOOP and END LOOP, as shown: WHILE condition LOOP sequence_of_sta
Negation (NOT, ¬) - SQL There are three rows instead of just two. As you can see, ¬ p is defined as in two-valued logic (2VL) when p is either true or false, but ¬ (unknown) i
Using the Collection Methods The collection methods below help to generalize the code and make collections easier to use and also make your applications easier to maintain:
Definition of FROM - SQL Recall that the operand of FROM is denoted by a commalist, each element of that commalist being a table expression optionally accompanied by a range v
IN Mode An IN parameter pass the values to the subprogram being called. Within the subprogram, an IN parameter acts like a constant. And hence, it cannot be assigned a value.
The requirements as follows: Create a folder called "SECURITY" on the server and upload all your project files to that folder. Please note, the "SECURITY" folder is NOT to be IN
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