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The original DNA sequence when ,transcribed and translated would yield five successive valine residues. But the altered sequence would correspondingly read one aspartate and four serine residues. Mutations resulting from the addition or deletion of base pairs are called frameshift mutations. So far we have discussed the several ways in which the genetic material could be altered. Mutations could be either spontaneous or induced. In recent years there has been a more clear understanding of the causes of mutational process. Tautomeric shifts, ultraviolet radiations, chemicals such as hydroxylarnine, nitrous acid and a variety of alkylating agents can cause permanent alterations of nitrogenous bases. Aromatic compounds such as acridines can cause addition or deletion of one to more than twenty bases in DNA. We have briefly discussed mutations, a way or source of variability in natural populations. Together with recombinations occurring'at the tjnie of meiosis they form the raw materials for selection to act on. Before we discuss briefly about recombination, let us have a quick look at mutation rates in organisms.
Biochemical Function - Essential Elements Elements Mg, Mn, K, Ca and Fe are cofactors for many enzymatic reactions. Fe is carrier of electrons in electron transfer chain. Phos
Response to Heavy Metal Stress Several heavy metals emanating from industrial mining and sewage disposal operations contaminate the environment. Cadmium is a common contamina
Eucaryotic cell structure All eucaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton made up of a network of protein filaments (Figure shown below). This network gives the cell its shape, capac
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A solute passes from higher concentration on the left of a container to the right side of container thru a membrane. What would happen if a second solute of lower concentration was
NUCLEUS First described and christened by Robert brown 1831, a nucleus is the largest and most important organelle of eukaryotic cells. It is membrane bound and generally locat
Systolic heart failure is a classic heart failure where the inotropic (contractile) state is impaired and the expulsion of blood is not adequate. So the main manifestations of syst
RADIOGRAPHY You have read in GNM courses about radiographical examination. In this text the discussion will be on the following radiographical tests. Chest Roentgenogram
Define Colorimetric Method - 2, 4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine Method? We shall use this method in estimating vitamin C in a given sample in the laboratory. Here, let us look at the
Anti-retroviral drugs are given to the patient. They lesser the viral load and gives relief from infection, but it is not lasting it is temporary relief i.e. it cannot cure.
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