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Semidifference and NOT - SQL
In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Example: Difference in SQL
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The syntax for EXCEPT exactly parallels that for UNION. The key words DISTINCT, ALL, and CORRESPONDING have exactly the same significance as in UNION, and DISTINCT remains the default option. When CORRESPONDING is not given, columns are paired by ordinal position, as in UNION.
Error Handling The PL/SQL makes it easy to detect and process the predefined and user-defined error conditions known as exceptions. Whenever an error occurs, an exception is ra
Mutual Recursion The Subprograms are mutually recursive if they directly or indirectly call each other. In the illustration below, the Boolean functions odd & even, that dete
help
Write a program to implement the inverted file shown in the slides (Simple Index file, LabelID file and Data file). Use the Avail_List to point at the deleted Label IDs so that th
IS NULL Operator The IS NULL operator returns the Boolean value TRUE whenever its operand is null or FALSE if it is not null. The comparisons including the nulls always yield NU
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which labels an executable statement or the PL/SQL block. You can use a GOTO statement to
What is Cursors how to use it in Real time application ?
Extension and AND in SQL The theory book gives the following simple example of relational extension in Tutorial D: EXTEND IS_CALLED ADD ( FirstLetter ( Name ) AS Initial )
Datatype Conversion At times it is necessary to convert a value from one datatype to another. For e.g. if you want to inspect a rowid, you should convert it to a character stri
Parameter and Keyword Description: SQL: This SQL is the name of the implicit SQL cursor. %FOUND: This attribute results TRUE if an INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE state
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