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Semidifference and NOT - SQL
In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Example: Difference in SQL
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
EXCEPT DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The syntax for EXCEPT exactly parallels that for UNION. The key words DISTINCT, ALL, and CORRESPONDING have exactly the same significance as in UNION, and DISTINCT remains the default option. When CORRESPONDING is not given, columns are paired by ordinal position, as in UNION.
Case Sensitivity Similar to all the identifiers, the variables, the names of constants, and parameters are not case sensitive. For illustration, PL/SQL considers the following n
Question: Consider the following relations (primary keys are underlined): AUTHOR (ANo, aname, address, speciality) PUBLISHER (PNo, pname, Location) BOOK (BNo, Title, ISBN,
Recursive Subprograms The recursive subprogram is the one that calls itself. Think of a recursive call as a call to a few other subprograms that does the similar task as your
Declaring a Cursor The Forward references are not allowed in the PL/SQL. Therefore, you must declare a cursor before referencing it in other statements. Whenever you declare a
Referencing Records Unlike the elements in a collection, that are accessed using subscripts, the fields in a record are accessed by name. To reference an individual field, you
Implicit Cursor Attributes The Implicit cursor attributes returns the information about the execution of an INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, or SELECT INTO statement. The cursor attribu
Procedures The procedure is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a procedure to perform an action. The procedure has 2 sections: the spe
Anatomy of a Command Figure, showing a simple SQL command, is almost identical to its counterpart in the theory book. The only difference arises from the fact that SQL uses a
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
Package Specification The package specifications contain the public declarations. The scopes of these declarations are local to your database representation and global to the
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