OBJECTIVES :  After reading surgery, you will be able to:

1 understand the fundamental of closed and open heart surgery and recent developments in off pump surgery;

2 innumerate the indications for, the types of surgery performed for coronary antory and valvular heart diseases;

3 describe the miscellaneous conditions and pericardial 'disease which may require surgery;

4 innumerate the indications for surgical intervention in a patients with infective endocarditis; and

5 describe the common congenital heart 7980 diseases and the surgical procedure that one feasible in those situation.