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NULL Statement
The NULL statement clearly specifies in action; it does nothing other than to pass control to the next statement. It can, though, improve the readability. In a construct allowing the substitute actions, the NULL statements serve as a placeholder. It tells the readers that the related alternative has not been overlooked, but required that no action is necessary. In the following illustration, the NULL statement shows that no action is taken for the unnamed exceptions:EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENROLLBACK;WHEN VALUE_ERROR THENINSERT INTO errors VALUES...COMMIT;WHEN OTHERS THENNULL;END;Each of the clause in an IF statement should contain at least one executable statement. TheNULL statement is executable; therefore you can use it in clauses that correspond to the circumstances in which no action is taken. In the following illustration, the NULL statements emphasize that only top-rated employees get bonus:IF rating > 90 THENcompute_bonus(emp_id);ELSENULL;END IF;The NULL statement is also a handy way to create stubs when designing the applications from the top down. A stub is dummy subprogram that permits you to defer the definition of a procedure or function till you test and debug the main program. In the following illustration, the NULL statement meets the requirement that at least one statement should appear in the executable part of a subprogram:PROCEDURE debit_account (acct_id INTEGER, amount REAL) ISBEGINNULL;END debit_account;
Logical Connectives - SQL SQL's extended truth tables in which the symbol, for unknown, appears along with the usual T and F. Negation (NOT, ¬) Conjunction (
Loop Labels Like the PL/SQL blocks, loops can also be labeled. The label, an undeclared identifier enclosed by double angle brackets, should appear at the beginning of the LOOP
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Declaring Cursor Variables Once a REF CURSOR type is define by you, and then you can declare the cursor variables of that type in any PL/SQL block or subprogram. In the exampl
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
Explicit Cursors The set of rows returned by the query can include zero, one, or multiple rows, depending on how many rows meet your search criteria. Whenever a query returns
Using FORALL and BULK COLLECT Together You can unite the BULK COLLECT clause with the FORALL statement, in that case, the SQL engine bulk-binds column values incrementally. In
Remote Operations: As the illustration shows below, the PL/SQL subprograms can execute the dynamic SQL statements which refer to the objects on a remote database: PROCEDURE
Closing a Cursor The CLOSE statements disable the cursor, and the result set becomes undefined. An illustration of the CLOSE statement as shown: CLOSE c1;
Dynamic SQL: The Most PL/SQL programs do a predictable, specific job. For illustration, a stored procedure may accept an employee number and salary increase, and then update t
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