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NULL Statement
The NULL statement clearly specifies in action; it does nothing other than to pass control to the next statement. It can, though, improve the readability. In a construct allowing the substitute actions, the NULL statements serve as a placeholder. It tells the readers that the related alternative has not been overlooked, but required that no action is necessary. In the following illustration, the NULL statement shows that no action is taken for the unnamed exceptions:EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENROLLBACK;WHEN VALUE_ERROR THENINSERT INTO errors VALUES...COMMIT;WHEN OTHERS THENNULL;END;Each of the clause in an IF statement should contain at least one executable statement. TheNULL statement is executable; therefore you can use it in clauses that correspond to the circumstances in which no action is taken. In the following illustration, the NULL statements emphasize that only top-rated employees get bonus:IF rating > 90 THENcompute_bonus(emp_id);ELSENULL;END IF;The NULL statement is also a handy way to create stubs when designing the applications from the top down. A stub is dummy subprogram that permits you to defer the definition of a procedure or function till you test and debug the main program. In the following illustration, the NULL statement meets the requirement that at least one statement should appear in the executable part of a subprogram:PROCEDURE debit_account (acct_id INTEGER, amount REAL) ISBEGINNULL;END debit_account;
Parameter Modes To define the behavior of formal parameters you use the parameter modes. The 3 parameter modes, IN, OUT, & IN OUT, can be used with any subprogram. Though, a
Object Type: The object type is a user-defined composite datatype which encapsulates a data structure along with the functions and procedures required to manipulate the data
i NEED TO CREATE 3 guiS IN pl/sql sERVER PAGE FORM
%ISOPEN The Oracle closes the SQL cursor automatically after executing its related SQL statement. As a result, the %ISOPEN forever yields FALSE.
Using TRIM This process has two forms. The TRIM removes an element from the end of the collection. The TRIM(n) removes the n elements from the end of the collection. For e.g.
Using LIMIT For nested tables, that have no maximum size, the LIMIT returns NULL. For varrays, the LIMIT returns the maximum number of elements that a varray can have (that yo
Using a join on 3 tables, select 5 columns and 10 rows from the 3 tables without the use of a Cartesian product Query: SELECT E.LAST_NAME, E.FIRST_NAME, S.BUILDING, S.BRAN
Question: a) Given the following relation: Location(loc_id, bldg_code, room, capacity) The underlined field is a primary key. (i) Write a PL/SQL program using the impl
Parameter and Keyword Description: EXIT: An unconditional EXIT statement (i.e., one without a WHEN clause) exits the present loop instantly. The Execution resumes with th
Manipulating Individual Elements Faraway you have manipulated an entire collection. Within the SQL, to manipulate the individual elements of the collection, and then use the ope
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