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NULL Statement
The NULL statement clearly specifies in action; it does nothing other than to pass control to the next statement. It can, though, improve the readability. In a construct allowing the substitute actions, the NULL statements serve as a placeholder. It tells the readers that the related alternative has not been overlooked, but required that no action is necessary. In the following illustration, the NULL statement shows that no action is taken for the unnamed exceptions:EXCEPTIONWHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THENROLLBACK;WHEN VALUE_ERROR THENINSERT INTO errors VALUES...COMMIT;WHEN OTHERS THENNULL;END;Each of the clause in an IF statement should contain at least one executable statement. TheNULL statement is executable; therefore you can use it in clauses that correspond to the circumstances in which no action is taken. In the following illustration, the NULL statements emphasize that only top-rated employees get bonus:IF rating > 90 THENcompute_bonus(emp_id);ELSENULL;END IF;The NULL statement is also a handy way to create stubs when designing the applications from the top down. A stub is dummy subprogram that permits you to defer the definition of a procedure or function till you test and debug the main program. In the following illustration, the NULL statement meets the requirement that at least one statement should appear in the executable part of a subprogram:PROCEDURE debit_account (acct_id INTEGER, amount REAL) ISBEGINNULL;END debit_account;
Updating Variables For assignment, SQL uses the key word SET, as in SET X = X + 1 (read as "set X equal to X+1") rather than X: = X + 1 as found in many computer languages.
Controlling Cursor Variables You use 3 statements to control the cursor variable: OPEN-FOR, FETCH, & CLOSE. At First, you OPEN a cursor variable FOR a multi-row query. Then, y
DECLARE : This keyword signals the beginning of the declarative section of the PL/SQL block, that contains local declarations. The Items declared locally exist only within the
Keyword and Parameter Description: label_name: This is an undeclared identifier which labels an executable statement or the PL/SQL block. You can use a GOTO statement to
Inserting Objects: You can use the INSERT statement to add objects to an object table. In the illustration below, you insert a Person object into the object table persons:
Table Represents an Extension - SQL It describes how each tuple in a relation represents a true instantiation of some predicate and each true instantiation is represented by s
Lightweight system to provide and take info from workers in the field and office, have basic design outlined already just require build and implementation Desired Skills CSS,
Adding Table Constraints ALTER TABLE ENROLMENT ADD CONSTRAINT NameNotNull CHECK (Name IS NOT NULL) ; ALTER TABLE ENROLMENT ADD CONSTRAINT PK_StudentId_CourseId PRIM
Disjunction (OR, ∨) Again we have nine rows instead of just four and again, when unknown is not involved, the rows are as for 2VL. Also, when anything is paired with true, t
Using Subqueries A subquery is a query (typically enclosed by parentheses) that appears within another SQL data manipulation statement. If evaluated, the subquery gives a va
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