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Using %ROWTYPEThe %ROWTYPE attribute gives a record type which represents a row in a table (or view). The record can store the whole row of data selected from the table or fetched from a cursor or strongly typed cursor variable. In the illustration below, you declare two records. The first record stores a row selected from an emp table. The second record stores a row that is fetched from the cursor c1.DECLAREemp_rec emp%ROWTYPE;CURSOR c1 IS SELECT deptno, dname, loc FROM dept;dept_rec c1%ROWTYPE;The Columns in a row and corresponding fields in a record have the same names anddatatypes. Though, fields in a %ROWTYPE record do not inherit the NOT NULL column constraint.In the example below, you select column values into record emp_rec:BEGINSELECT * INTO emp_rec FROM emp WHERE...
UTL_FILE: The Package UTL_FILE permits your PL/SQL programs to read & write operating system (OS) text files. It gives a restricted version of the standard OS stream file I/O,
DBMS: The answer to this question is of course given in of the theory book. This book is concerned with SQL DBMSs and SQL databases in particular. Soon we will be looking a
Using Pragma RESTRICT_REFERENCES: The function called from the SQL statements should obey certain rules meant to control the side effects. To check for violation of the rules,
Keyword and Parameter Description: boolean_expression: This is an expression which results the Boolean value TRUE, FALSE, & NULL. It is related with a series of statement
Assignments in pl/sql The Variables and constants are initialized every time a block or subprogram is entered. By default, the variables are initialized to NULL. Therefore, unle
Structure of an Object Type: Similar to package, an object type has 2 parts: the specification and the body. The specification is the interface to your applications; it declar
Existential Quantification - SQL Existential quantification-stating that something is true of at least one object under consideration-can be expressed by OR(r,c), meaning tha
Functions The function is a subprogram which can take parameters and be invoked. Normally, you can use a function to calculate a value. The function has 2 sections: the specifi
Implicit Cursors The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicitly declared cursor. The PL/SQL lets you refer to the most recen
Example of Foreign Key Constraint Example: Alternative formulation for 6.3 as a foreign key constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_take_exam
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