Monosaccharides, Biology

Assignment Help:

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simple carbohydrate monomers, which cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler or smaller subunits.
  • Monosaccharides are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.
  • The empirical formula is (CH2O)where n = 3 to 7.
  • A monosaccharide with aldehyde group is called aldose, generally having suffix as ose.
  • A monosaccharide with keto group is ketose, generally having suffix as ulose.

SOME COMMON ALDOSES AND KETOSES

MONOSACCHARIDE

ALDOSE

KETOSE

1. Trioses

 

2. Tetroses

 

3. Pentoses

 

4. Hexoses

 

5. Heptoses

Glyceraldehyde

 

Erythrose, Threose

 

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose

 

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose

 

Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose

Dihydroxy acetone

 

Erythrulose

 

Ribulose

 

Fructose

 

Sedoheptulose

1.       TRIOSES

  • The monosaccharides posses three carbons, e.g. Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and Dihydroxy acetone (a ketose).
  • They are formed in both respiration and photosynthesis.

2.      TETROSES

  • The monosaccharides posses four carbons, e.g. Erythrose,Threose, Erythrulose.
  • Tetroses are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as well as raw materials for many biochemicals.
  • Erythrose is raw material for synthesis of anthocyanin & lignin.

3.       PENTOSES

  • They are with 5-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose.
  • Deoxyribose is also a pentose sugar but has one oxygen atom less at 2nd C, formula is C5H10O4.It is component of DNA.
  • Ribose is raw material for synthesis of ribonucleotides, cAMP, ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD and RNA.
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are involved in formation of nucleotides.
  • Some pentose sugars are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.
  • Arabinose and xylose produce wall materials.
  • Arabinose present in gum of Accacia.
  • Ribulose present in RuBP.

4.       HEXOSES

  • They are six-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Fructose, Galactose,Glucose, Mannose.
  • Fructose is fruit sugar but absent in grapes. It is also the sweetest of all natural sugars with sweetness index of 170. Also known as laevulose.
  • Glucose is blood sugar with a sweetness index of 70. It is raw material for formationof complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the main respiratory substrate that is oxidised by every cell in order to obtain energy.
  • Glucose is reserve carbohydrates in grapes (Grape Sugar).
  • Gluscose is also known as dextrose.
  • Glucose present in the form of open chain or ring form.

2154_gluvose and fructose.png

  • Galactose does not occur freely but is a component of lactose, agar-agar, glycolipids and glycoproteins.
  • Galactose is milk sugar or brain sugar.
  • Galactose is fastly circulated in blood.
  • Mannose is found in cell wall and many prosthetic polysaccharides.
  • Mannose is also found in wood with component of hemicellulose.
  • Mannose is not found in free form.

5.       HEPTOSES

  • Heptoses are seven - carbon monosaccharides.
  • e.g., Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose, Sedoheptulose.
  • Sedoheptulose is intermediate of both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.

708_heptose.png


Related Discussions:- Monosaccharides

List the heterotrophic nutrition in plants, a) List the a variety of modes ...

a) List the a variety of modes of heterotrophic nutrition in plants. b) Define any two modes giving one example of each.

Causes of heart failure, It is important to recognise underlying causes and...

It is important to recognise underlying causes and precipitating factors of heart failure for its appropriate management. That would also help in prevention and treatment of heart

Determine the uses of iron - soil, Determine the uses of Iron - Soil Ir...

Determine the uses of Iron - Soil Iron is a constituent of cytochromes, haem and non-haem enzymes. It is also essential for chlorophyll formation though is not a part of it. It

List the advantages of stage 2 surgery using a tissue punch, List the advan...

List the advantages and disadvantages of stage 2 surgery using a tissue punch. Advantages - Less traumatic to surrounding tissue - Faster progress to the impression proce

Explain shear pin model, Q. Explain Shear Pin Model? Shear Pin Model: I...

Q. Explain Shear Pin Model? Shear Pin Model: In this type, a shearing force is applied using a pin to shear the food Product. We are rupturing the element of the food product b

Explain simple staining technique, Explain Simple Staining Technique? H...

Explain Simple Staining Technique? Here single staining agent is used to determine the size, shape and arrangement of bacterial cells. It is simple and easy to perform. Dried s

What is ecological succession, Q. What is ecological succession? The Ec...

Q. What is ecological succession? The Ecological succession is the changing sequence of communities that live in an ecosystem during a given time period.

Zoonoses disease-salmonellosis, Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infe...

Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection caused by bacterial species belonging to the genus Salmonella and usually associated with the ingestion of food containing salmonel

Explain nutrient and storage proteins, Nutrient and Storage proteins Th...

Nutrient and Storage proteins These proteins store amino acids. Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white, used as an amino acid source for the developing embryo. Casein, the prote

Spermatogonia, Spermatogonia Spermatogonia are the youngest germ cells...

Spermatogonia Spermatogonia are the youngest germ cells from which spermatozoa proliferate. These lie next to the basement membrane and undergo series of mitotic divisions lea

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd