Monosaccharides, Biology

Assignment Help:

MONOSACCHARIDES

  • Simple carbohydrate monomers, which cannot be hydrolysed further into simpler or smaller subunits.
  • Monosaccharides are generally colourless, crystalline and mostly sweet to taste.
  • The empirical formula is (CH2O)where n = 3 to 7.
  • A monosaccharide with aldehyde group is called aldose, generally having suffix as ose.
  • A monosaccharide with keto group is ketose, generally having suffix as ulose.

SOME COMMON ALDOSES AND KETOSES

MONOSACCHARIDE

ALDOSE

KETOSE

1. Trioses

 

2. Tetroses

 

3. Pentoses

 

4. Hexoses

 

5. Heptoses

Glyceraldehyde

 

Erythrose, Threose

 

Ribose, Deoxyribose, Xylose, Arabinose

 

Glucose, Galactose, Mannose

 

Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose

Dihydroxy acetone

 

Erythrulose

 

Ribulose

 

Fructose

 

Sedoheptulose

1.       TRIOSES

  • The monosaccharides posses three carbons, e.g. Glyceraldehyde (an aldose) and Dihydroxy acetone (a ketose).
  • They are formed in both respiration and photosynthesis.

2.      TETROSES

  • The monosaccharides posses four carbons, e.g. Erythrose,Threose, Erythrulose.
  • Tetroses are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as well as raw materials for many biochemicals.
  • Erythrose is raw material for synthesis of anthocyanin & lignin.

3.       PENTOSES

  • They are with 5-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Ribulose, Xylose, Xylulose.
  • Deoxyribose is also a pentose sugar but has one oxygen atom less at 2nd C, formula is C5H10O4.It is component of DNA.
  • Ribose is raw material for synthesis of ribonucleotides, cAMP, ATP, NAD, NADP, FAD and RNA.
  • Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are involved in formation of nucleotides.
  • Some pentose sugars are intermediates of photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.
  • Arabinose and xylose produce wall materials.
  • Arabinose present in gum of Accacia.
  • Ribulose present in RuBP.

4.       HEXOSES

  • They are six-carbon monosaccharides, e.g. Fructose, Galactose,Glucose, Mannose.
  • Fructose is fruit sugar but absent in grapes. It is also the sweetest of all natural sugars with sweetness index of 170. Also known as laevulose.
  • Glucose is blood sugar with a sweetness index of 70. It is raw material for formationof complex carbohydrates.
  • Glucose is the main respiratory substrate that is oxidised by every cell in order to obtain energy.
  • Glucose is reserve carbohydrates in grapes (Grape Sugar).
  • Gluscose is also known as dextrose.
  • Glucose present in the form of open chain or ring form.

2154_gluvose and fructose.png

  • Galactose does not occur freely but is a component of lactose, agar-agar, glycolipids and glycoproteins.
  • Galactose is milk sugar or brain sugar.
  • Galactose is fastly circulated in blood.
  • Mannose is found in cell wall and many prosthetic polysaccharides.
  • Mannose is also found in wood with component of hemicellulose.
  • Mannose is not found in free form.

5.       HEPTOSES

  • Heptoses are seven - carbon monosaccharides.
  • e.g., Glucoheptose, Galactoheptose, Sedoheptulose.
  • Sedoheptulose is intermediate of both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways.

708_heptose.png


Related Discussions:- Monosaccharides

Management of chest injury, Management Establish and maintain airwa...

Management Establish and maintain airway. Anticipate need for incubation if respiratory distress evident.  Administer high humidified O 2 , using non-rebreather mask.

Why is carbon monoxide toxic for humans, Q. Why is carbon monoxide toxic fo...

Q. Why is carbon monoxide toxic for humans? Hemoglobin "likes" carbon monoxide (CO) much more than it likes oxygen. When there is carbon monoxide in the inhaled air it binds to

Explain about the term - paediatric neuropsychologist, Explain about the te...

Explain about the term - paediatric neuropsychologist In the evaluation of infants and young children, all sources of reliable and valid data available to the paediatric neurop

Immediate post-operative care to a cardiac patient, Immediate Post-operativ...

Immediate Post-operative Care The patient is accompanied to the ICU by a surgeon, anesthetist and the nurse who assisted for the surgery with portable ventilator and ECG

Psychedelic drugs (hallucinogens), PSYCHEDELI C DRUGS (HALLUCINOGENS) - ...

PSYCHEDELI C DRUGS (HALLUCINOGENS) - They act mainly on CNS and greatly alter one's thoughts, feelings and perceptions, called psychedelic drugs. They cause optical or a

Community change, Community Change Ecosystems are dynamic entities in ...

Community Change Ecosystems are dynamic entities in which a number of events take place. Associated with the biotic communities of the ecosystem are some changes, which may be

Explain hormonal proteins, Explain Hormonal proteins Hormonal proteins ...

Explain Hormonal proteins Hormonal proteins coordinate the bodily activities. Various peptide and protein hormones (such as insulin and growth hormone) carry information tha

Isomerisms types of unsaturated fatty acids, Unsaturated fatty acids show ...

Unsaturated fatty acids show different types of  isomerisms. We have already learnt about the.concept of  isomerism  in  the  last unit. You would  realize that fatty acids with s

How factors affecting energy expended in physical activity, How Factors Aff...

How Factors Affecting Energy Expended in Physical Activity? Physical activity as we learnt earlier is the second largest component of daily energy expenditure, after BMR. Howev

Explain about the diabetes mellitus, Explain about the Diabetes mellitus? ...

Explain about the Diabetes mellitus? You are aware that diabetes may be diagnosed as an exaggerated response in blood glucose concentration following ingestion of a fixed amou

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd