Q. Minimal external force required to achieve alignment?

Minimal external force shall be applied to achieve alignment. Flanged joints not conforming to the dimensional tolerances shall be removed and re-piped to meet this specification.

When flanges are out of alignment, either vertically or horizontally, but within the tolerances specified above, the ends of the lines should be moved over, or up, until a spud bar can be inserted into the corresponding hole of each flange and install bolts.

When flange faces are not parallel but within the angular misalignment specified above.

Special consideration shall be given to lining up pipe flanges to equipment so that stress values at nozzles are not exceeded.

For pumps, compressors and turbines reference must be made to manufacturer's instructions for joint preparation and assembly.