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MAX and MIN operator in SQL
Example:
(SELECT MAX (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1')
(SELECT MIN (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1')
Example needs no further explanation. SQL also has AVG for averages. Its counterparts aggregate AND and OR are spelled, respectively, EVERY and either SOME or ANY, but all of these must be used with care because of the consequences of the aforementioned general rule concerning the treatment of NULL. For example, if the condition c evaluates to UNKNOWN for every row of table t, or t is empty, then (SELECT EVERY(c) FROM t) evaluates to UNKNOWN, whereas when t is empty it really ought to evaluate to TRUE.
SQL Is a Database Language: The commands given to a DBMS by an application are written in the database language of the DBMS. The term data sublanguage is sometimes used instea
Object Type: The object type is a user-defined composite datatype which encapsulates a data structure along with the functions and procedures required to manipulate the data
IN Mode An IN parameter pass the values to the subprogram being called. Within the subprogram, an IN parameter acts like a constant. And hence, it cannot be assigned a value.
Set Operators The Set operators combine the results of the two queries into one result. The INTERSECT returns all the distinct rows selected by both queries. The MINUS returns
UNION and OR - SQL SQL supports UNION explicitly but differently from the way it supports JOIN explicitly. As we have seen, JOIN is used exclusively within the FROM clause, su
EXECUTE Privilege To call an invoker-rights routine straightforwardly, the users should have the EXECUTE privilege on that routine. By yielding the privilege, you permit a user
Closing a Cursor The CLOSE statements disable the cursor, and the result set becomes undefined. An illustration of the CLOSE statement as shown: CLOSE c1;
Using a Join on 2 tables, select all columns and all rows from the tables without the use of a Cartesian product. Query: SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE1 JOIN CONTRACT ON EMPLOYEE
Indeterminacy in SQL Some SQL expressions are actually not function invocations at all in the mathematical sense, being indeterminate-invocations operating on identical input
Table Comparison - SQL The following definitions for relation comparisons: Let r1 and r2 be relations having the same heading. Then: r1 ⊆ r2 is true if every tuple of r1
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