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Operators on Tables and Rows
Row Extraction
TUPLE FROM r, SQL has row subqueries. These are just like scalar subqueries except that they may specify more than one column. For example, when appearing in a suitable context, the expression
(SELECT * FROM COURSE WHERE CourseId = CID ('C1'))
Yields the row denoted by
CAST (ROW ('C1', 'Database') AS
ROW (CourseId CID, Title VARCHAR (100)))
A row subquery whose table operand is empty yields a row in which every field is NULL.
Field Extraction: For extracting a field from a row, using dot qualification.
BEGIN Parameter Description in pl sql: BEGIN: This keyword signals the beginning of the executable section of a PL/SQL block, that contains executable statements. The execut
Using Cursor Attributes: Every cursor has 4 attributes: %NOTFOUND, %FOUND, %ISOPEN, and %ROWCOUNT. If appended to the cursor name, they return the helpful information about
Using %TYPE The %TYPE attribute gives the datatype of a variable or the database column. In the example below, the %TYPE gives the datatype of a variable: credit REAL(7,2); debi
Avoiding Collection Exceptions In many cases, if you reference a nonexistent collection element, then PL/SQL raises a predefined exception. Consider the illustration shown b
Problem: (a) Define the following terms: (i) data mining. (ii) OLAP. (b) Differentiate between snowflake schema and star schema. Support your answer with appropriate
Blocks: The fundamental program unit in the PL/SQL is the block. The PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords partition the b
Relational Algebra - SQL It describes some operators, that together constitute an algebra that is not only relationally complete but also irreducibly so (very nearly- apart f
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE Statement The EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement prepare (parses) and instantly executes a dynamic SQL statement or an anonymous PL/SQL block. Syntax:
%ISOPEN The %ISOPEN yields TRUE if its cursor or cursor variable is open; or else, the %ISOPEN yields FALSE. In the illustration, you use the %ISOPEN to select an action:
Declaring Objects: You can use the object types wherever built-in types like CHAR or NUMBER can be used. In the block below, you can declare object r of type Rational. Then, yo
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