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LEVEL NUMBERS:
The COBOL makes use of the level number concept to explain the hierarchical data structure.
A level number is a 2 digit number. The permitted level numbers are 01 - 49, 66, 77 and 88.
All the variables are declared in the working-storage section by using appropriate level numbers.
The elementary data item can acquire either 01 or 77 as its level number. In the COBOL a division is made between the elementary and group data items. A few elementary data may be joint to form a group.
For illustration, the DAY, MONTH & YEAR may be 3 elementary data items. These may be joint to form a group data named DATE. The association may be shown pictorially as shown below:
It may be noted that the memory space referred to by the DATE is the combined memory space for DAY, MONTH &YEAR. The benefits of such a grouping are very clear. The programmer can now refer to the individual elementary items DAY, MONTH, YEAR or the group item DATE. An elementary data item is however the one which the programmer would always like to refer to as an entire and not in parts.
RULES FOR OCCURS CLAUSE: The rules apply for the OCCURS clause and the subscripts are as shown below. (1) The integer in the OCCURS clause should be a positive integer.
Example of File-control: The assign clause assigns a specific physical peripheral device name to a file. The physical peripheral device are machine-dependent. We use the devic
UPDATING OF THE RELATIVE AND INDEXED FILES: The Sequential files are updated by creating a new master file from an existing old master file and a transaction file. Such an Upda
Illustration of Search verb: To illustrate the other use of SEARCH verb, assume we wish to search the similar tab to find the number of persons whose deposited amount is more
Illustration of indexed tables: Index items defined through the INDEXED phrase of the OCCURS clause are one type of indexes. There can be other type of index items that are de
single program how may when statement has used
RULES FOR SEARCH VERB: The rules apply for the SEARCH verb is as shown below: (1) The SEARCH verb can be applied only to a table that has the OCCURS clause and INDEXED phra
Write a COBOL IF sentence to use the values of numeric variables EXAM and COURSEWORK , both assumed to be with format PIC 999 and in the range 0 to 100 and to move the value:
What is the difference b/w index and subscript? Subscript indicates to the array occurrence whereas index is the displacement (in no of bytes) from the beginning of the array.
RESERVE clause: This clause indicates the number of buffers to be used for the file. Integer-1 specifies this number. ORGANIZATION/ACCESS clause: These two clause
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