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Information Hiding
With the information hiding, you see only the details that are significant at a given level of algorithm and data structure design. The Information hiding keeps high-level design decisions separate from the low-level design details that are more likely to be change.
Algorithms
You employ information hiding for the algorithms through top-down design. Once you define the aim and interface specifications of a low-level procedure, you can pay no attention to the implementation details. They are hidden at higher levels. For e.g., the implementation of a procedure named raise_salary is hidden. All you require is to know that the procedure will increase a specific employee's salary by a given amount. Any change in the definition of raise_salary is visible to the calling applications.
Data Structures
You implement information hiding for the data structures through data encapsulation. By developing a set of utility subprograms for a data structure, you protect it from users and other developers. In that way, the other developers know how to use the subprograms that operate on the data structure but not how the structure is represented.
With the PL/SQL packages, you can specify whether the subprograms are public or private. Therefore, the packages enforce data encapsulation by letting you put subprogram definitions in a black box. The private definition is hidden and unapproachable. Only the package, not your application, is affected if definition changes. This simplifies the maintenance and enhancement.
IF Statement The IF statement executes a series of statement conditionally. Whether the series is executed or not depends on the value of the Boolean expression. Syntax:
Find the account numbers of all customers whose balance is more than 10,000 $
Example of Shorthand for a row constraint Example: Shorthand for a row constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Mark_in_range CHECK (Mark BETWEEN 0 AND 100);
Using the student and faculty tables create a select query that outputs all students for a specific advisor. Generate the execution plan, select out the explain plan . Create an
Important Distinctions The list of important distinctions are given below: Value versus variable Syntax versus semantics Variable versus variable reference
When Are Constraints Checked Under the model constraints are conceptually checked at all statement boundaries (and only at statement boundaries). By default the same is true
Parameter Aliasing To optimize the subprogram call, the PL/SQL compiler can decide between the two techniques of the parameter passing. With the by-value techniques, the v
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Operator Precedence The operations within an expression are completed in a particular order depending on their precedence (priority). The table shows the default order of the op
Blocks: The fundamental program unit in the PL/SQL is the block. The PL/SQL block is defined by the keywords BEGIN, DECLARE, EXCEPTION, and END. These keywords partition the b
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