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Hardware failure: Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and cannot be read any more. This may be because of many reasons. For instance, a voltage fluctuation in the power supply to the computer makes it go off or some bad sectors may arrive on disk or there is a disk crash.
In all these situations, the database gets into an inconsistent state.
let us consider a table having 2200 records and the fixed size of the table to be considered as 25.then how many numbers of table is requredto perform horizontal fragmentation
Isolation or Independence : The isolation property shows that the updates of a transaction should not be visible till they are committed. Isolation assurance that the progresses of
Failures and Recovery In practice various things might occur to prevent a transaction from completing. Recovery methods are used to bring database, which does not satisfy consi
er diagram on cosmetics.
Explain what is DDL? DDL - Data Definition Language: statements used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples: CREATE - to create objects in the database ALT
Which language has presently become the defacto standard for interfacing application programs along with relational database system? The language which has recently become the
Process-oriented decompositions Process-oriented decompositions divide complex process, task or function into simpler sub processes until they get simple enough to be deal
multidimensional data model
How does the system cope up with a record crash when recovery is going on after the first crash? Ans: In a system the undo and redo operations are needed to be idempotent to c
For each m:n relationship type R, we make a new table (say S) to represent R. We also contain the primary key attributes of both the participating entity types as a foreign key att
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