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Hardware failure: Hardware failures are the failures when some disk or hardware chip fails. This may result in loss of data. One such trouble can be that a disk gets damaged and cannot be read any more. This may be because of many reasons. For instance, a voltage fluctuation in the power supply to the computer makes it go off or some bad sectors may arrive on disk or there is a disk crash.
In all these situations, the database gets into an inconsistent state.
Timestamps For Read operations: If TS (T) If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed
Let consider the given partial relation EMP. Let us make some sub-queries for them EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO 7566
How does a query tree represent a relational algebra expression? Discuss any three rules for query optimisation, giving example as to when should each rule be applied. Ans
What are the advantages of Logical Databases? It offers a simple-to-use selection screens. You can change the pre-generated selection screen to your needs. It offers check f
what is object-identity
i want to database for online assignment submission system
Question 1 Suppose the employee employee id, name, designation, salary, attendance and address of any employee has to be stored in a database. You can store these data in a sequen
Increased overheads on update : On the drawbacks side, it will need the system to ensure that all replicas of a relation are consistent. This shows that all the replicas of the rel
How to create a table from existing table? Create table as e.g, To create a new table ‘N_emp' with employee names and their identification numbers only from employee ta
What are the disadvantages of relational data ? Disadvantages • Performance - If the number of tables among that relationships to be established are large and the tables t
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