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FOR-LOOPWhile the number of iterations through a WHILE loop is unknown till the loop completes, then the number of iterations through a FOR loop is known before the loop is entered. The FOR loops iterate over a particular range of integers. The range is the part of an iteration scheme that is enclosed by the keywords FOR and LOOPS. A double dot (..) serve as the range operator. The syntax is as shown below:FOR counter IN [REVERSE] lower_bound..higher_bound LOOPsequence_of_statementsEND LOOP;The range is computed when the FOR loop is first entered and is never re-evaluated.As the next illustration shows, the series of statements is executed once for each integer in the range. After each of the iteration, the loop counter is incremented.FOR i IN 1..3 LOOP -- assign the values 1,2,3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes three timesEND LOOP;The following illustration shows that if the lower bound equals the higher bound, the series of the statements is executed once:FOR i IN 3..3 LOOP -- assign the value 3 to isequence_of_statements -- executes one timeEND LOOP;
IS NULL Operator The IS NULL operator returns the Boolean value TRUE whenever its operand is null or FALSE if it is not null. The comparisons including the nulls always yield NU
Example of GROUP BY and COLLECT Operator Example: Using GROUP BY and COLLECT to obtain C_ER2 SELECT CourseId, CAST ( COLLECT (ROW (StudentId, Mark)) AS ROW (Studen
Closest Approximation to Relational Union - SQL Actually, just as SQL has several varieties of JOIN, it also has several varieties of UNION, none of which is equivalent to th
ROWNUM The ROWNUM returns a number representing the order in which a row was selected from the table. The first row selected has a ROWNUM of 1; the second row has a ROWNUM of
LONG and LONG RAW You use the LONG datatype to store the variable-length character strings. The LONG datatype is such as the VARCHAR2 datatype, except that the maximum length o
LAWS / RULES - Dollo's Law : Living organisms do exhibit evolutionary irreversibility or evolution is irreversible. Williston's Law
Advantages of PL/SQL The PL/SQL is a high-performance transaction processing, completely portable language that offers the following advantages as shown: 1) Support for SQL
Bulk Fetching The illustration below shows that you can bulk-fetch from a cursor into one or more collections: DECLARE TYPE NameTab IS TABLE OF emp.ename%TYPE; TYPE S
Consider the following set of database tables (same tables from Assignment 6-1). Please take note of foreign keys (most of them carry the same names as the corresponding primary ke
Using RENAME in combination with JOIN - SQL Example gives pairs of ids of students having the same name, by joining two renamings of IS_CALLED. Example gives an equivalent ex
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