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Timestamps For Read operations:
If TS (T) < W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has already been overwritten by some other transaction. As the value which T wanted to read from Q does not be there anymore, and T would be rolled back.
If TS (T) >= W-timestamp (Q), then the transaction T is trying to read a value of data item Q which has been written and committed by some other transaction earlier. As T will be allowed to read the value of Q, and the R-timestamp of Q should be updated to TS (T).
Describe in brief about DBMS ?
There are two major types of fragmentation: Horizontal& Vertical. Horizontal fragments, as the name suggests are subsets of tuples and vertical fragments are subsets of attributes
examples of fields in a database
Let us now make the E-R diagram for the student database as per the explanation given in the previous section. We can also states the overall logical structure of a database usi
Differance between Unordered and ordered file ? Unordered file do no has any sequence although ordered file has arranged in a few sequence and data are assigned in ordered form
What is the use of a slotted-page structure and what is the information are there in the header? The slotted-page structure is used for organizing records within a one block.
Write the syntax of creating an INDEX ? Syntax of Creating an Index: CREATE [BITMAP] [UNIQUE] INDEX ON ( [, ] . . .);
A super key is an attribute or set of attributes used to recognize the records uniquely in a relation. For instance, in the Relation PERSON defines earlier PERSON_ID is a super
what is specialization?
Design Of Distributed Databases: The distributed databases are mainly relational at local level. So a local database schema is the similar as that of a centralised database design
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