Explain the strength design (lrfd), Civil Engineering

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Explain the Strength Design (LRFD)

1. γ Factors are applied to loads and φ factors applied to resistance.

2. Unfactored service loads receive a load factor γ > 1.0

3. Resistance values receive a φ < 1.0 factor to reduce anticipated demand

γ_uM_u = 1.2*M_DL + 1.6*M_LL < φ_nM_n

Where: γ_uM_u is the factored service load

φ_nM_n is the reduced capacity

4. There are cases where load factors may be less than 1.0 when the load may 'help' the analysis.

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