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Explain how materials can be classified into three groups on the basis of atomic structure.
An atom has a positively charged nucleus surrounded through a group of negatively charged electrons. This nucleus is at the centre of the atom and electrons are established in definite states, energy-levels and orbits. The electrons in the outermost orbit of an atom are termed as valence electrons. This is these electrons which are responsible for finding the physical, electrical and chemical properties of the material.
The materials are classified on the basis of atomic structure:
1) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is less than 4 that is half of maximum permissible 8 electrons, the material is a conductor or metal. Illustration Cu, Al and Mg have 1, 2 and 3 valence electrons correspondingly.
2) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is more than 4, the material is an insulator. Illustration, Se and Bromine consist of 5, 6 and 7 valence electrons correspondingly.
3) When the number of valence electrons of an atom is 4 that are exactly half of maximum permissible 8 electrons, therefore the material is a semiconductor. Illustration Carbon, Silicon and Germanium consist of 4 valence electrons each.
Give a short description of soft ferrites . Soft ferrites and their applications: all non- metallic compounds are consisting of ferric oxide and one or two bivalent metal oxid
ADD Instruction Op code format of ADD instruction is Replace the three bit code of the register R from to obtain the op code of the required ADD instruction . op co
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For parity Flag JPE ( jump on Parity even ) and JPO ( Jump or Parity Odd) Instruction JPE transfer the execution of the program to the specified memory address i
Compare dispersion effects in single mode and multimode fibres? The optical fibres were categorized within two according to the number of modes it passes as: • Single mode fibre
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The operating frequency range of a superheterodyne FMreceiver is 88-108MHz. The IF and LO frequencies are so chosen that f IF LO .Ifthe image frequency f c must fall outside of
Q. In an RLC series circuit excited by a voltage source v(t), for R = 10 , L = 1 H, and C = 0.1F, determine v(t) if the capacitor voltage vC(t) = 5e -10t V.
Calculate the maximum length of an optical fibre that exhibits 0.8dB/km attenuation if the optical output is 10mW and the power launched at the input is 150mW. [Hint: Loss, L=10 lo
One of the simplest circuits is the asynchronous or ' ripple' counter. Below is shown the circuit diagram of a simple 3 stage ripple counter. The operation of this circuit
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