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The Emptiness Problem is the problem of deciding if a given regular language is empty (= ∅).
Theorem 4 (Emptiness) The Emptiness Problem for Regular Languages is decidable.
Proof: We'll sketch three different algorithms for deciding the Emptiness Problem, given some DFA A = (Q,Σ, T, q0, F).
(Emptiness 1) A string w is in L(A) iff it labels a path through the transition graph of A from q0 to an accepting state. Thus, the language will be non-empty iff there is some such path. So the question of Emptiness reduces to the question of connectivity: the language recognized by A is empty iff there is no accepting state in the connected component of its transition graph that is rooted at q0. The problem of determining connected components of directed graphs is algorithmically solvable,by Depth-First Search, for instance (and solvable in time linear in the number of nodes). So, given A, we just do a depth-?rst search of the transition graph rooted at the start state keeping track of whether we encounter any accepting state. We return "True" iff we ?nd none.
It is not hard to see that ε-transitions do not add to the accepting power of the model. The underlying idea is that whenever an ID (q, σ v) directly computes another (p, v) via
The Universality Problem is the dual of the emptiness problem: is L(A) = Σ∗? It can be solved by minor variations of any one of the algorithms for Emptiness or (with a little le
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