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Design for the limit state of collapse in bending
Following assumptions are taken in the design for the limit state of collapse in bending or flexure.
Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as 0.0035 in bending.
The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results in prediction of strength in good agreement with the results of tests. For design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in the structure is assumed to be 0.67 times the characteristic strength. The partial safety factor for material strength, equal to 1.5, is applied in addition to this.
Different type of Stones Stones used for civil engineering works can be classified in the following 3 ways: Geological Physical Chemical
Explain the term - Characteristic Strength The strength of a material below which not more than 5 percent results are expected to fall is considered as the characteristic stre
convert the following whole circle bearing to QBs... WCB of AB=45 degree and 30 mintus
How Will You Influence People to Strive Willingly for Group Objectives in Your Organization (Target Based Industry)? Apply Your Interpersonal Influence Through Communication Proces
One nautical mile is described by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 like minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 f
Define the Spalling - underwater inspection of bridge? A spall is a roughly circular or oval depression in the concrete. Corroding reinforcement can cause spalls and reinforcin
Explain the Design Criteria Sedimentation basin Surface Loading rate (or overflow rate), Vo = Q/A (flow rate/surface area) Detention time t or ? = V/Q (Volume /Flow rate)
solution of the book
how is total station used?
Wet Mix Macadam: For heavily trafficked highways, the granular bases are constructed using Wet Mix Macadam (WMM). The WMM is a specification in which well graded aggregate is
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