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Describe logical data independence ?
Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to modify the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. The conceptual schema might be changed to expand the database (through adding a record type or data item), to change constraints, or to decrease the database (by removing a record type or data item). Only the view definition and the mappings required are changed in a DBMS that supports logical data independence. Changes to constraints could be applied to the conceptual schema without moving the external schemas or application programs.
What is meant by functional dependencies? Consider a relation schema R and α C R and β C R. The functional dependency α ->β holds on relational schema R if in any legal relati
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Define the term Domain. For each n every attribute there is a set of permitted values known as the domain of that attribute.
Example: RELATIONAL SCHEMA for PERSON: PERSON (PERSON_ID: integer, NAME: string, AGE: integer, ADDRESS: String) RELATION INSTANCE In this instance, m = 3 and n = 4
Although how will the system recover The selection of REDO or UNDO for a transaction for the recovery is completed on the basis of the state of the transactions. This state is
What is ODBC ? ODBC - Open DataBase Connectivity which is also denoted by ODBC enable the integration of SQL along with a common-purpose programming language. ODBC expose data
what is query processing ,query optimization and performance turring?
Explain trivial dependency? Functional dependency of the form α ->β. is trivial if α C β. Trivial functional dependencies are satisfied by all the relations.
What are the three classes of SQL expression? SQL expression consists of three clauses: Select From Where
Explain the rules for creating a labelled precedence graph for testing view serializability. Ans: A schedule S is view serializable if it is view equivalent to a ser
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