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Describe logical data independence ?
Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to modify the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. The conceptual schema might be changed to expand the database (through adding a record type or data item), to change constraints, or to decrease the database (by removing a record type or data item). Only the view definition and the mappings required are changed in a DBMS that supports logical data independence. Changes to constraints could be applied to the conceptual schema without moving the external schemas or application programs.
A well-maintained relational DBMS has a high level of data integrity. What features of a relational DBMS contribute towards this level of integrity? Relational DBMS gives high
Self-Join: In a self join a table is joined with itself. Let consider the following sample partial data of EMP table EMPNO ENAME MGRID
Create 1 experiment to demonstrate an aspect of query optimisation by using access-path structures (indexes), decomposition, or denormalisation. Once satisfied with your experiment
limitations and benefits in database tecknowlagy
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Section A: Use the following tables to create a database called College. Use SQL commands. Student stuid(primary) lastName firstName
Multi-Key File Organisation In this part, we will introduce two basic file Organisation schemes that permit records to be accessed by more than one key field, therefore, allowi
Draw and explain the three level architecture of the database system? A DBMS gives three levels of data is said to follow three-level architecture. The trget of the three-schem
composite attribute
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