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Describe logical data independence ?
Logical Data Independence - It is the capacity to modify the conceptual schema without having to change external schemas or application programs. The conceptual schema might be changed to expand the database (through adding a record type or data item), to change constraints, or to decrease the database (by removing a record type or data item). Only the view definition and the mappings required are changed in a DBMS that supports logical data independence. Changes to constraints could be applied to the conceptual schema without moving the external schemas or application programs.
Define rotational latency time. The time spent waiting for the sector to be accessed to appear under the head is known as the rotational latency time.
Consider a systems development project with the following data Activity Duration (weeks) Precedence Relationship 1. Software design
Explain the Natural join Natural join is a binary operator which is written as (R* S) in which R and S are relations. The effect of the natural join is the set of all combinati
A practice called Perfect Pets provides private health care for domestic pets throughout America. This service is provided through various clinics located in the main cities of Ame
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Discuss the types of integrity constraints in which must be checked for the update operations - Insert and Delete. Give examples. Insert operation can violet any of the subse
Find a 3NF decomposition of the following relation scheme: University (Faculty, Dean, Department, Chair, Professor, Rank, Student}. The University relation satisfies the following
What is horizontal fragmentation? Horizontal fragmentation divides the relation by assuming every tuple of r to one or more fragments
Define the Immediate Update The immediate update methods may apply changes to the database on disk before the transaction arrives a successful conclusion. Though, these change
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