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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Determine the Derived attribute to avoid re-computation Each class box consists of an ordered list of attributes and operations, each represented as a next string. We can find
Describe domain constraints. Domain constraints contain entity integrity and referential integrity. The domain is a set of values that might be assigned to an attribute. The en
Explain the structure of well formed formulae in relational calculus. Ans: a. An atom is a formula b. If P1 is a formula, after that so are ¬P1 and (P1) c. If P1 and P2 a
It defines that the tuple in one relation that refers to another relation must refer to an existing tuple in that relation. This constraint is states on two relations (not essentia
Question 1 Explain the concept of Foreign Key. How a foreign key differs from a Primary Key? Can the Foreign Key accept nulls? Question 2 With a necessary example explain (i)
Which sorting technique is used to sort databases, whose sizes are very big? Give one such algorithm. Why do sorting techniques like quicksort, insertion sort, etc. not applied
Describe Dynamic Model. The dynamic model specifies allowable sequences of changes to the objects from an object model. It contains event trace diagrams describing scenarios. A
Benefits of Sequential File Organisation It is quick and efficient when dealing with huge volumes of data that require being processed periodically (batch system). Dra
example of bank
Consider the table student and list names of students in the departments other than maths and computer. SELECT std_name FRM student WHERE dept_name NOT IN (‘Maths','Computer);
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