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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Update Anomaly : This anomaly is occurred due to data redundancy. Redundant information makes updates more complex since, for example, varying the name of the instructor of MCS-014
Multilevel Indexing Scheme Consider the indexing scheme where the address of the block is consider in the index for each record, for a little file, this index would be little a
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What is inheritance? Define it in detail? Inheritance Inheritance can be at the levels of types, or at the level of tables we first consider inheritance of types, then i
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