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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Define the basic operations of the relational algebra? Ans: Basic operators of relational algebra are: 1. Union (∪) - Selects tuples which are in either P or Q or in bot
Discuss how the bi-directional Implementations are made. In bi-directional implementation of the association, a pair of references must implement every link. The declarations a
2NF Normal Form : A relation schema process R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and each non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally related on primary key. Second normal form (2N
Law Associates is a large legal practice based in Sydney. You have been asked to design a data model for the practice based upon the following specification: The practice employs
What is Nested Queries explain in details? Nested Queries - A SELECT query could have subquery(s) in it. While a SELECT query having another SELECT query in it, is known as n
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What is the meaning of Recovery? In deferred update methods, if a transaction fails before arriving its commit point, it will not have altered the database in any way, so UNDO
What disadvantage of ODBC does OLE DB overcome? By breaking the features and the methods of a DBMS into COM objects, OLE DB characteristic overcomes a main disadvantage of ODBC
What are the various forms of data transparency? a) fragmentation transparency b) replication transparency c) location transparency
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