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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
In tuple relational calculus P1 → P2 is equivalent to ? A In tuple relational calculus P1→ P2 is equivalent to ¬P1 V P2. (The logical implication expression A B, meaning
State the data flow diagram of functional model Any action initiated by transition in the state diagram can be extended into an entire data flow diagram in functional model. Th
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What is meant by heuristic optimisation? Discuss the main heuristics that are applied during query optimisation. Ans: In heuristic optimization, heuristics are employed to r
Discuss the importance and characteristics of database backup and recovery procedures, then describe the actions that must be detailed in backup and recovery plan
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Write the syntax of creating an INDEX ? Syntax of Creating an Index: CREATE [BITMAP] [UNIQUE] INDEX ON ( [, ] . . .);
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