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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Explain the term High level DML? High level DML A high-level or non-procedural DML permit the user to specify what data is needed without specifying how it is to be acquired.
Exclusive lock It is asked for by a transaction on a data item that it wants to update. No other transaction can put either a shared lock or an exclusive lock on a dat
Define raid? Briefly explain it? A range of disk organization methods, collectively called redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID) o Improvement of reliability throug
Lost Updates : Suppose the two transactions T3 and T4 run simultaneously and they happen to be interleaved in the following way (suppose the initial value of X as 10000):
The indices are accumulated in the index files. The data is accumulated in the data files. Indices give fast access to data items. For example, a book database may be managed in th
Give the limitations of SQL authorization. The code for checking authorization becomes intermixed with the rest of the application code. Implementing authorization by applic
#floating point representation is used to store
Why do so various organizations use MySQL? Advantages: Open source Highly efficient Offers a high scalability in terms of size and connectivity. Highly prote
What is a checkpoint? List the operations to be performed by the system when a checkpoint is to be taken. What does the recovery system do if there is a crash? There is large n
When every condition appears with equality condition (=) only. c) Natural join (denoted by R*S) When two join attributes have the similar name in both relations. (Tha
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