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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Differentiate between natural join and outer join? Natural join is a binary operator which is written as (R * S) where as R and S are relations. The output of the natural join
You are required to implement integrity constraints within the database to enforce the following requirements: For Projects: Start date must be supplied. Start date cannot be i
The C_Artist application will be developed using the C language (C99 standards) and will be able to compile without warnings and link and run in the Swinburne computer laboratorie
Candidate Key: In a relation R, a candidate key for R is a subset of the set of attributes of R, which have the differnt two properties: (1) Uniqueness: N
Table Handling In RDBMS more than one table can be tackled at a time by using join operation. Join operation is a relational operation that causes 2 tables with a common domai
Atomicity: It describes a transaction to be a one unit of processing. We can also say either a transaction will be finished completely or not at all. In the transaction example 1
For each m:n relationship type R, we make a new table (say S) to represent R. We also contain the primary key attributes of both the participating entity types as a foreign key att
Define query optimization. Query optimization refers to the process of search the lowest -cost method of evaluating a given query.
a) Suppose we updated the catalog tables in real time, that is, after every update, insert, or delete SQL statement were executed-rather than only running RUNSTATS once every few
There are many simple and complex approaches to implement. These reports are based on some views or certain query. The following number of reports can be built. 1. The averag
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