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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Saving Derived Attributes to Avoid Re-computation As discussed, "redundancy means duplication of exact data". But, if multiple copies of same data are present in the system,
The result of the UNION operation between R1 and R2 is a relation that includes? The result of the operation between R1 and R2 includes all the tuples of R1 and R2 which have c
The Database Approach In order to overcome the limits of a file system, a new approach was needed. Hence a database approach emerged. A database is a persistent collection of
What are the features of embedded SQL? Explain. Embedded SQL - SQL could be implemented within two ways. It can be used interactively or embedded in a host language or throu
explain cascading rollback
What is hash file organization? What are the causes of bucket overflow within a hash file organization? What can be completed to decrease the occurrence of bucket overflow?
Consider the following relations: S (S#, SNAME, STATUS, CITY) SP (S#, P#, QTY) P (P#, PNAME, COLOR, WEIGHT, CITY) Give an expression within SQL for each of queries b
Define the Division Operation of Relational Algebra Let R be a relation comprising attributes (A1,...Ap,Ap+1,...An) and S comprising attributes (Ap+1,...An) DEF: Division
Although how will the system recover The selection of REDO or UNDO for a transaction for the recovery is completed on the basis of the state of the transactions. This state is
An employee record has the following structure struct employee { int eno; char name[22]; float salary; char dept[10];}; (i) Calculate the record size R in bytes.
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