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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Define cardinality and participation constraints on a relationship type, completeness constraint on generalization. Ans: Cardinality defines the number of entities to wh
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Discuss the types of integrity constraints in which must be checked for the update operations - Insert and Delete. Give examples. Insert operation can violet any of the subse
At its most essential level the DBMS architecture can be divide into two parts: the back end and the front end. The back end is responsible for managing the physical database an
Performance of Various Concurrency Control Mechanisms
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