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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
What is the meaning of Data Independence ?
The database will enable college administrators the ability to track students initial major. This will help college officials decide how best to prepare students for their goals an
The indices are accumulated in the index files. The data is accumulated in the data files. Indices give fast access to data items. For example, a book database may be managed in th
Differentiate between various levels of data abstraction? Data Abstraction - Abstraction is the procedure to hide the irrelevant things from the users and represent the rele
Define Two phase commit Two phase commit: To make sure atomicity, all the sites where a transaction is being executed must agree on the final outcome of the execution. The tran
How can Redundant Associations be done It can be done by asking questions: i) Is there a specific arrangement of network which would optimize critical aspects of completed
explain cascading rollback
Describe integrity constraints? Integrity Constraints - A database is just as excellent as the information stored in it, and a DBMS must therefore help avoid the entry of inc
You must implement the entity relationship model provided in the model solution to Assignment 1. The model solution will be released on the course website approximately TWO (2) we
The Internal or Physical Level The collection of files permanently stored on secondary storage devices is called as the physical database. The internal or physical level is t
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