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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
Describe the candidate key functions ? Candidate Key and Alternate Key: In some instances, an entity will have more than one attribute which can serve as a primary key. Any key
The Concurrent Transactions Almost every commercial DBMS support multi-user environment. Therefore, allowing multiple transactions to proceed concurrently. The DBMS must make
What are the factors to be taken into account when choosing a RAID level? A) Monetary cost of extra disk storage requirements. B) Performance requirements in terms of number
What is an Index? An index is a small table having only two columns. The first column has a copy of the primary or candidate key of a table and the second column having a set o
Question: a) Discuss the concept of data independence, explaining its importance in a database environment. b) To address the issue of data independence, the ANSI-SPARC t
Define Catalog and meta data ? A catalog is a compilation of records elaborating the contents of a particular collection or group of collections. Metadata (Meta data, or someti
For each 1: n relationship type R involving two entities E1 and E2, we recognize the entity type (say E1) at the n-side of the relationship type R and contain primary key of the en
UNION If R1 and R2 are two union compatible relations then R3 = R1 ∪ R2 is the relation having tuples that are either in R1 or in R2 or in both. In case, R3 will have tuples
What is magnetic disks?explain it? Magnetic disk provides the bulk of secondary storage of modern computer system. The disk capacity is growing at over 50% per year. But the st
What type of view of total database content? Data base content Conceptual view of total database contain.
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