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Define Timestamp ordering
Ans In timestamp-based method, a serial order is made among the concurrent transaction by assigning to every transaction a unique nondecreasing number. The common value assigned to each transaction is the system clock value at the beginning of the transaction, therefore the name timestamp ordering. This value then can be employed in deciding the order in which the conflict between two transactions is resolved. A transaction along with a smaller timestamp value is considered to be an "older" transaction as compared to another transaction with a larger timestamp value.
What are the technique to define a schema completely ? A schema is completely define by DDL and DML query language.
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Although how will the system recover The selection of REDO or UNDO for a transaction for the recovery is completed on the basis of the state of the transactions. This state is
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