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Heap files (unordered file)
Mostly these files are unordered files. It is the easiest and most basic type. These files having of randomly ordered records. The records will have no exacting order. The operations we can do on the records are retrieve, insert and delete. The types of the heap file or the pile file Organisation are:
What are aggregate functions? And list the aggregate functions supported by SQL? Aggregate functions are functions that take a collection of values as input and return a one va
Explain trivial dependency? Functional dependency of the form α ->β. is trivial if α C β. Trivial functional dependencies are satisfied by all the relations.
Explain how the associations are implemented as classes. A general approach in this case is to transform an association class into a simple class linked to two original classes
What are the situations while DBMS should not be used? DBMS should not be used in situations like: (i) No need of security. (ii) Not difficulty to access the data (iii) N
each publisher has uniqe name a mial addrs are also kept on each pubisher.a publisher publish one book.a book publish y one publisher.book identified by isbn.each book writn by one
Lack of Redundancy We have talked about the problems of repetition of information in a database. Such repetition should be stay away as much as possible. Let us state once again t
Describe integrity constraints? Integrity Constraints - A database is just as excellent as the information stored in it, and a DBMS must therefore help avoid the entry of inc
Use of partial data by applications : In common, applications work with views rather than whole relations. Thus, it may be more appropriate to work with subsets of relations rather
Multiple-mode locks : It offers two locks: exclusive locks and shared locks. But why do we require these two locks? There are a lot of transactions in the database system that neve
management information system based on functional organisation
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