Define Carbonate hardness (ch) - water softening, Civil Engineering

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Carbonate Hardness (CH) - Water Softening

Ca⁺², Mg⁺² combining with alkalinity (OH^-, CO₃^-2, HCO₃^-). If alkalinity is present in water the CH will be equal to alkalinity but cannot exceed total hardness.
temporary hardness (removed by heating the water)

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