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Cannulation : Typically blood is drained by gravity through two cannulae inserted into the superior and inferior vena cavae. During bypass, if the SVC and IVC are snared, the entire venous return to the heart is diverted to the pump (total cardio pulmonary bypass). Whenever the right side of the heart has to be opened, the patient has to be on total bypass. Otherwise, when a chamber is opened, air will enter the tubing, causing air lock and cessation of venous retu1-n. For an aortic valve replacement or coronary artery bypass, the right side need not be opened. So the operation can be done using a single, two stage venous cannulae passing through right atrium into the inferior vena cava (atrio-venous cannula). The oxygenated blood is returned through an arterial cannula inserted into the ascending aorta or femoral artery.
MOUT H - It is as transverse slit. It is pseudo type i.e. not open directly into alimentary canal. Mouth is covered by upper & lower movable lips. Movement is due to arb
Bone Surfaces: There are four major bone surfaces: 1) Periosteal (outer surface of all bones) 2) Endosteal (inner surface of cortical bone) 3) Haversian (inner surface o
Natural versus Artificial (Man-made) Environment The environments discussed so far are, natural environments. In several instances man has greatly altered the natural condition
Q. Why is the Krebs cycle also called the final common pathway of the degradation of organic compounds? The Krebs cycle is known as the final common pathway of the degradation
Which of the following is true for exocytosis? A. During exocytosis in skeletal muscle cells, there will be release of calcium ions from intracellular vesicles in the sarcoplas
What do numeric pyramids represent? The Numeric pyramids represent the number of individuals in each trophic level of a food chain.
What role do catalysts play in chemical reactions? By decreasing the activation energy that is required for a reaction, a catalyst permits the reaction to proceed spontaneously
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Density of Water in Relation to Temperature On cooling, water molecules come closer which makes water dense. It is most dense at 4°C (Figure shown below) but it is still a liqu
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