Reference no: EM131374913
1. The process of getting information out of memory storage is called
priming
encoding
relearning
retrieval
rehearsal
2. A flashbulb memory of an emotional event would typically be stored in ________ memory.
iconic
implicit
short-term
state-dependent
long-term
3. The ability to perform more than one complex encoding tasks simultaneously demonstrates the importance of
effortful processing
automatic processing
mood congruent memory
flashbulb memory
working memory
4. Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds we either first wake up or just before we fall is most likely due to
motivated forgetting
retrieval failure
retroactive interference
encoding failure
proactive interference
5. In order to remember to buy sausage, ham, onions, and parsley for his pasta sauce, Enzo forms the word "shop" with the first letter of each item. Enzo is using a memory aide known as
the method of loci
the next-in-line effect
the serial position effect
chunking
imagery
6. A telephone number for a new upscale restaurant flashes on the movie screen, but the image disappears before Aaron has the opportunity to write it down. To his surprise, Aaron retains a momentary mental image of the last four digits of the number. Aaron's experience demonstrates __________ memory.
echoic
iconic
implicit
explicit
short-term
7. Echoic memory refers to
the encoded meanings of words and events in long-term memory
a vivid memory of an emotionally significant event
the automatic retention of incidental information about the timing and frequency of events
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
8. Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited storage capacity?
echoic memory
iconic memory
short-term memory
long-term memory
state-dependent memory
9. Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of
repression
encoding
storage
retrieval
relearning
10. A person who has trouble forgetting information, often seems to have a limited capacity for
declarative memory
implicit memory
semantic memory
abstract thinking
creativity
11. After learning the combination to his new locker for baseball, Robert is unable to remember the combination for his school locker. Robert is experiencing the effects of
proactive interference
retroactive interference
source amnesia
memory decay
encoding failure
12. The misinformation effect best illustrates the effect of
retrograde amnesia
memory construction
repression
anterograde amnesia
mood-congruent memory
13. The greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse is posed by
proactive interference
the spacing effect
the misinformation effect
long-term potentiation
retroactive interference
14. Speed-reading complex information produces little long-term retention because it inhibits
the next-in-line effect
the serial position effect
retroactive interference
proactive interference
rehearsal
15. The AP Psychology exam given by the College Board in May exemplifies which of the following types of exams?
aptitude
intelligence
projective
achievement
personality
16. Most New Yorkers remember where they were and what they were doing when they heard the World Trade Center was destroyed. This type of memory is
implicit memory
déjà vu
explicit memory
semantic memory
flashbulb memory
17. Harlowe forgot her pillow when she went to a sleepover, so she complained about having to sleep with her head flat on the ground the entire night. Her failure to fold up her bathrobe and jeans to use as a pillow-substitute best illustrates the effects of
belief perseverance
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
functional fixedness
confirmation bias
18. Rather than using a shortcut to find various possible combinations of, Jude systematically lists every possible combination to determine the correct code. Jude is solving his problem by the use of
trial and error
the availability heuristic
the representativeness heuristic
an algorithm
confirmation bias
19. You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to _________.
recite a rote list of directions he memorized
give you the GPS location of his dorm room
walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it
all of these
none of these
20. Concepts are ideas that represent ___________.
a class or category of objects, events, or activities
patterns of behavior
higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers
all of these
none of these
21. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)?
grape
apple
banana
orange
olive
22. A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called ______.
brainstorming
priming
transformation
a mental set
insight
23. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating a ____________.
mental set
confirmation bias
stereotype threat
mindlessness
convergent thinking
24. ___________ thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving, but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.
Heuristic
Divergent
Insightful
Latent
Convergent
25. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question?
decisive
convergent
heuristic
divergent
functional
26. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity?
heuristic
divergent
insightful
convergent
functional
27. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________.
verbal and mathematical abilities
crystallized and visual-motor abilities
general intelligence and specific abilities
analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
crystallized and fluid abilities
28. A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by ________.
Gardner
Spearman
Sternberg
Terman
Binet
29. Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in ______________.
analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence
general intelligence
none of these
30. According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment?
analytical intelligence
creative intelligence
practical intelligence
general intelligence
none of these
31. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman's development of the Stanford-Binet Test was ____________.
MA/CA x 10
MA/CA x 100
MA/CA
CA/MA x 100
CA/MA x 10
32. Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________.
80
100
115
125
140
33. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________.
follows the normal curve
has a positive skew
has a negative skew
appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency
is rectangular
34. Many items on a "culture-fair" test require the use of _______________.
verbal knowledge
musical knowledge
knowledge of major world historical figures
motor skills
nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects
35. Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests?
They should minimize or eliminate the use of language.
They should not attempt to measure intelligence.
They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture.
They should measure values based on a person's cultural background.
They should consist of tasks that require manual dexterity.
36. Which of the following people would be classified as having a profound developmental delay?
someone with an IQ in the 55-70 range
someone with an IQ below 25
someone who can perform basic self-care without supervision
someone who performs at only a second-grade educational level
someone who can work at a sheltered workshop
37. All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above __________.
120
130
140
150
180
38. Which of the following statements about gifted people is true?
They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses.
They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons.
They are socially unskilled.
They have poor motor skills.
They are often skilled leaders.
39. Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores?
identical twins reared apart
same-sex fraternal twins
siblings reared together
fraternal twins reared together
identical twins reared together
40. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized.
learning; opportunity
opportunity; learning
heredity; environment
environment; heredity
opportunity; heredity
41. The rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language are collectively known as ______.
morphemic rules
phonemic rules
linguistic relativity
syntax
grammar
42. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called ____________.
morphology
phonics
syntax
phonology
grammar
43. How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I predicted it"?
three
four
six
five
seven
44. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?
words
syntax
syllables
phonemes
morphemes
45. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble?
syntax
phonemes
morphemes
audiograms
pragmatics
46. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on ______.
the idealized prototype construct
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
deep structure elaboration
the linguistic relativity hypothesis
47. The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ____________.
bees are not animals
bee communication seems to be instinctual
bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system
all of these
none of these
48. Let's say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences "The parrot kissed the dolphin" and "The dolphin kissed the parrot." If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of ____________.
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
all of these
none of these
49. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language?
It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language.
All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language.
Only primates, like monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior.
Only mammals have the potential to develop language that will be recognizable as humanlike.
It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.
50. You are worried that your aging father might develop senile dementia. What advice might you want to give to him?
"Stop reading, as it will tire out your brain."
"Start a program of extreme physical exercise to push more blood through your brain."
"Start reading more, doing puzzles, getting involved in a hobby to exercise your brain."
Each of these activities has the potential to help slow the development of dementia.
Nothing will help, so don't bother to suggest anything.