Reference no: EM131919844

Assignment -

Part A - Lymphatic system discussion

Q1. A patient has had a mastectomy of the right breast that included removal of several axillary lymph nodes. She now is suffering from lymphedema.

Why were lymph nodes removed?

Explain why she has lymphedema.

Q2. Even though the lymphatic system is considered part of the circulatory system, the term circulation is not the most appropriate term to describe the flow of lymph. Explain.

Q3. What might happen to the flow of lymph if there were no valves in lymphatic vessels?

Q4. It was very common in the 50s and 60s to remove the tonsils of a child who suffered from frequent strep infections of the throat. This is not done as commonly today. Why might doctors hesitate to do this surgery as readily now?

Q5. For this question you will need to open the linked graph.

Snake bites penetrate tissue, not blood vessels, so most of the toxins from such a bite enter the bloodstream via the lymphatic system rather than directly. An experiment was run on 15 test subjects to test the effect of a cream containing nitric oxide on the transit time of a chemical thru the lymphatic system in humans. Nitric oxide is known to alter the slight natural pumping action of smooth muscle found in most lymphatic vessels. On the linked graph the black bars represent transit times observed when nitric oxide cream was applied to the skin and the white bars, the transit times without nitric oxide cream.

What is the effect of the nitric oxide cream on transit time?

Would this be beneficial or detrimental in temporarily treating snake bites?

Part B - Immune system worksheet

Q1. Select the term that correctly completes each statement. Write the term in the space provided.

antigens	cellular immunity	lymph nodes
B cells	humoral immunity	Macrophages
blood	lymph	T cells

Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or ____ in the body. When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called ____. When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as ____. The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations the ____ and the ____. Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the ____. Because pathogens are likely to use both ____ and ____ as a means of getting around the body, ____ and other lymphatic tissues (which house the immune cells) are in an excellent position to detect their presence.

Q2. Match the type of T cell to the descriptions below.

A. Helper T cell

B. Cytotoxic T cell

C. Regulatory T cell

D. Memory T cell

____ 1. Binds with and releases chemicals that activate B cells, T cells and macrophages.

____ 2. Activated by recognizing both its antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of an APC.

_____3. Turns off the immune response when the "enemy" has been routed.

_____4. Directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens.

_____ 5. Initiates secondary response to a recognized antigen.

Q3. Indicate whether the following situations are examples of passive (P) or active (A) immunity.

_____ 1. An individual receives Sabin polio vaccine.

_____ 2. Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman's placenta into the vascular system of her fetus.

_____ 3. "Borrowed" immunity - immunity provided from another source.

_____ 4. Immunolgic memory is provided.

_____ 5. An individual suffers through chickenpox.

Q4. William G. was well for the first ten months of his life, but in the following year he had pneumonia once, several cases of otitis media and a streptococcal infection of the skin. All of these infections were treated successfully with antibiotics.

William was a bright, active child who gained weight, grew, developed normally but continued to have repeated bacterial infections of the ears, sinuses and had pneumonia two more times before reaching the age of 30 months. Family history revealed that William's mother had two brothers who died by the age of two due to repeated pneumonia infections. At this point William's physician tested his serum immunoglobulins with the following results: IgG 80 (normal 600 - 1500), IgA 0 (normal 50 - 125), IgM 10 (normal 75 - 150). William was prescribed monthly injections of gamma globulins to maintain a minimum level of IgG of 200.

William started school at age five, though had prolonged absences due to recurrent pneumonia and other bacterial infections. At age nine he was referred to a specialist due to partial lung collapse and chronic cough. The physician noted William had no visible tonsils in spite of the fact he never had had a tonsillectomy, but was otherwise normal for his age.

William eventually was diagnosed with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, a condition characterized by a lack of mature B cells.

a. Explain why do people with agammaglobulinemia have more trouble fighting bacterial infections than viral infections?

b. What might be the likely explanation for the fact that William was well for the first ten months of his life?

c. Explain why does William have to receive monthly injections of gammaglobulins and not just a single injection?

Part C -

This activity involves a concept map on the adaptive immune response. Students are asked to drag a series of terms to boxes on the map in such a way as to demonstrate relationships between them.

Note: in order to move the terms you may need to click on "ENABLE EDITING" BOX at the top.

Do NOT use slide show mode to do this activity.

Attachment:- Assignment Files.rar