Reference no: EM133857243

Assignment:

Beyond the direct benefits of organizing trauma care (for example reducing preventable death and disability after injury), the platforms that provide care for the injured, such as emergency care, acute and critical care, surgical care and rehabilitation, also improve outcomes for a range of other high-priority conditions that benefit from systematic surveillance, prompt diagnosis, timely multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitation, including sepsis, pregnancy complications, acute infections, outbreaks and exacerbations of noncommunicable diseases.

1. What does the term pseudo-papilloedema mean?

2. Could direct ophthalmoscopy falsely detect papilloedema due to error of refraction?

3. What is the cause of bilateral macular oedema?

4. How can one differentiate between papilloedema and a tilted disc on fundus examination?

5. On fundus examination, does the preservation of the disc cup (no obliteration) despite nasal blurring of the edges of the cup mean an absence of papilloedema?

6. What findings should be looked for during routine fundus examination in patients on long-term chloroquine or other anti-malarial therapy for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

7. Which diseases are commonly associated with a macular star on ophthalmoscopic examination?

8. Can a cataract in one eye produce an afferent pupillary defect in that eye?

9. What is meant by copper and silver wiring of retinal vessels on ophthalmoscopy, what do they look like and which of them signifies atherosclerosis?

10. What is the mechanism of papilloedema? Is it that the intracranial pressure exceeds the pressure of the central retinal vein?