Reference no: EM13987893
Part A: WEATHERING and SOILS
• What are the two main categories of weathering? In what ways are they different?
• Mechanical or physical weathering: explain how water, salt crystal growth and biological activity can cause mechanical weathering. Give examples of each.
• Chemical weathering: dissolution (limestones by acid rain), hydrolysis and oxidation: Be able to explain each process and give an example.
• How does climate affect weathering?
• What is soil? Why is soil an interface in the Earth System?
• List and explain the five basic controls of soil formation.
• Examples of soil erosion: The Dust Ball
Part B- SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• What is a sedimentary rock?
• Describe the ways in which loose sediment converts into hard sedimentary rock (lithification)
• Contrast the basic groups of sedimentary rocks: Detrital (or clastic) and Chemical/biogenic
• What are sedimentary structures? Why are these structures useful to geologist?
• Mud cracks, cross bed, dunes and ripples, what are they and what do they reveal about past environments. (Also check in class handout)
• Explain why sedimentary rocks are important in the study of Earth history and their economic importance: which energy resources are associated with sedimentary rocks? What resources are in Michigan?
Part C- METAMORPHISM and METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• What is Metamorphism? Describe the main changes that occur during metamorphism (mineral and texture changes)
• In which three geologic settings is metamorphism most likely to occur?
• What are the agents of metamorphism?
• What are the two textural divisions of metamorphic rocks and the conditions associated with each occurrence? Describe the textural differences exhibited by metamorphic rocks (foliated, non-foliated).
• What are the different types of metamorphism?
Part D- GEOLOGIC TIME
• Describe absolute and relative age of a geologic event: distinguish between numerical ages and relative ages
• List and describe the principles or rules used for relative dating:
- Principle of Superposition
- Principle of Original Horizontality
- Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships
- Principle of inclusions
• What is the significance of an unconformity?
• Describe and identify the different unconformities (gaps in the rock record): Angular Unconformity, Nonconformity and Disconformity.
• Explain how is determined the absolute age of a rock: What are isotopes? What is Half Life?
• Exercises from handouts: know how to calculate the absolute age of a rock.
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