Reference no: EM133866541
Assignment:
Smoke damages your blood vessels, and damaged blood vessels are more prone to accumulating fatty deposits-thereby narrowing the blood vessels and potentially causing cardiovascular issues. Also, it's thought that smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol levels (the good cholesterol).
1. What are uraemic frost conditions?
2. What is the role of terlipressin or novapressin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome?
3. What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?
4. What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?
5. Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage?
6. In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?
7. A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient?
? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why?
? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)?
? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?
8. What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?
9. For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?
10. 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney?
2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?